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Botanical Garden of Faial
Botanical Garden of Faial
	A portion of the open-air exhibits of endemic species common to the Azores
	The location of the Botanical Garden within the Faial Nature Park
Location	Horta, Faial, Central, name=Azores, Portugal
Coordinates	38°33′2.48″N 28°38′22.27″W / 38.5506889°N 28.6395194°W
Length	40–56 km (25–35 mi)
Width	119.61 km (74.32 mi)
Elevation	114 m (374 ft)
Established	Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 46/2008/A
Visitors	Summer: Monday to Friday (9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.); Saturday and Sunday (2:00 p.m. to 5:30 p.m.); Winter: Monday to Friday (9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.-2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.)
Operator	Secretário Regional do Ambiente e do Mar
Website	www.jardimbotanicodofaial.com

The Botanical Garden of Faial is an ecological garden, component of the Faial Nature Park,^[1] established in 1986 to educate and protect the biodiversity common on Faial, an island of the Azores archipelago.

History

The Jardim Botânico do Faial began operating in 1986, and since that time has had more than 100,000 visitors.^[2]

In 1995 the Botanical Garden expanded its collection by including an area of Pedro Miguel, in the foothills of Lomba Grande. As part of its mission to promote investigation and education on the flora of the Azores and Macaronesia, it acquired 60,000 m² area in an area of 400 metres above sea level to replant and rehabilitate the habitat and species characteristic of the Laurisilva biome.

In 2003, the garden administration began to create a seed bank to collect and maintain a viable gene pool of rare species common to the Azores.^[3]

After remodelling and renovations, the Gardens were reopened on 22 May 2011, marking the International Day of Biodiversity, which included guided tours, a tea tasting (from Casa D'Avilas), a film on the Faial Nature Park and the presentation of a new website, Sentir e Interpretar os Açores, produced by the Regional Directorate for the Environment and Oceans (Portuguese: Secretário Regional do Ambiente e do Mar).^[2] As part of the commemorative programs to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Garden, the 9th Symposium of the Association of Ibero-Macaronésica Botanical Gardens was held in Horta.^[4] Part of the group's debates included discussion of the recuperation of landscapes deteriorated by invader species, as part of the regional programme PRECEFIAS (Portuguese: Plano Regional de Erradicação e Controlo de Espécies de Flora Invasora em Áreas Sensíveis), which permitted the reclamation of 650 hectares in 24 areas of the area of the Azores.^[4]

Geography

The garden includes a couple of old farmhouses and land on the edge of an orange orchard of Quinta de São Lourenço, in the civil parish of Flamengos.^[3] It occupies an area of approximately 8000 m², situated along the road that connects the southern part of Flamengos with Conceição.^[3]

Centre

The function of the Botanical Gardens of Faial, apart from providing a natural landscape, is to preserve and maintain the collection of endemic plants common to the island of Faial and the Azores.^[2] This includes the conservation of seeds of various endemic species, the propagation of habitats of existing species and to promote an understanding of the rich floral diversity and historical importance to the islands.^[2]^[5]^[6] In the autonomous region there are records that indicate that 90% of the endemic plants common at the time of the early settlement have disappeared or were crossed with other species.^[5] The seed bank has been able to collect 28 of the 76 species of endemic plants (approximately one third).^[3]

The interpretative centres attempt to educative, but also provide examples in a natural setting that fosters scientific investigation, referred to as ex-situ; species are taken from their natural locations and nurtured in a protected environment, where they can be seen, understood and investigated.^[2]

Gardens

The Garden is actually a series of spaces that show open-air examples of plants, trees and herbaceous species, as well as medicinal, aromatic and exotic ornamental plants, traditionally used on the islands.^[2] Specifically, the Garden is also a depository of some of the more rare plants in the Region, such as the Veronica Dabney.^[2]

In the Ilídio Botelho da Costa herbarium, the visitor can encounter species native and exotic herbs, allowing the identification of uncommon species.^[3]

In addition, there is an orquidário (orchid garden), with examples of 30 different species of orchids collected by Henrique Peixoto (1917–2007), which were titled to the local Santa Casa da Misericórdia.^[3]^[7]

The collection includes common and hybrid varieties of Cattleyas, Vandas, Lael, Gongora, Stanhopea, Milton, Epidendros, Dendrobii, among others, including a rare species from the island of Madagascar that contributed to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.^[8] Other important orchids include the Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium families, which have fused sepals similar to a bag, that attract insects who fall into its flower. Forced to escape only through a narrow passage these insects are coated by pollen when they exit. The pollen is then transported to other plants which are pollenized.

The indigenous plants exhibit: identifying plants found in each Azorean biome
The trail winding through the botanical displays of indigenous and contemporary plants
The exhibits display plants in their original conditions: terrestrial and marine

References

Notes

^ Silva, Maria José (13 May 2011). "Parque Natural do Faial já está operacional" (in Portuguese). Horta (Azores), Portugal: Tribuna das Ilhas. Retrieved 17 July 2011.^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Silva, Maria José (18 June 2011). "JardimBotânico do Faial – um potenciador da preservação do ambiente" (in Portuguese). Horta (Azores), Portugal: Tribuna das Ilhas. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Melo, João (2011). SIARAM (ed.). "Jardim Botânico do Faial" (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Sentir e Interpretar os Açores/Secretaria do Ambiente e o Mar. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Silva, Maria José (15 June 2011). "Jardins Botânicos reunidos no Faial para reflectir problemática das invasoras" (in Portuguese). Horta (Azores), Portugal: Tribuna das Ilhas. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Jardim Botânico Do Faial Recebe Sementes De Plantas Endémicas De Várias Ilhas". Horta (Azores), Portugal: Faial Digital. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ Juli Caujapé-Castells et al. (June 2010)
^ Melo, João (2011). SIARAM (ed.). "Orquidário" (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Sentir e Interpretar os Açores/Secretaria do Ambiente e o Mar. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ The orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale, with a long 35 centimetre tube, allowed Darwin to presuppose the existence of a comparable insect with long probiscus that would allow the plant to be fertilized. The scientific community discreditted Darwin's theory, until the 1907 discovery of the Xanthopan morganii praedicta, which helped to support his theory of natural selection.

Sources

Melo, João (2011), SIARAM (ed.), Jardim Botânico do Faial (PDF) (in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: SAM – Secretaria do Ambiente e o Mar, retrieved 17 July 2011
Melo, João (2011), SIARAM (ed.), Orquidário (PDF) (in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: SAM – Secretaria do Ambiente e o Mar, retrieved 17 July 2011
Caujapé-Castells, Juli; Santos-Guerra, Arnoldo; Jardim, Roberto; Gouveia, Luisa; Melo, João; Rodrigues, Nuno P.; Bramwell, David; Gómes, Isildo (June 2010), The status of plant conservation on the Macaronesian archipelagos (PDF), Dublin, Ireland: Proceedings of the 4th Global Botanic Gardens Congress, retrieved 17 July 2011