Boss (Fifth Harmony song)

"Boss"
Single by Fifth Harmony
from the album Reflection
ReleasedJuly 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)
Recorded
Genre
Length2:51
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
  • Frederic
  • Spargur
  • Kyriakides
Fifth Harmony singles chronology
"Miss Movin' On"
(2013)
"Boss"
(2014)
"Sledgehammer"
(2014)
Music video
"Boss" on YouTube

"Boss" (stylized as "BO$$") is a song recorded by American girl group Fifth Harmony, released as the lead single from the group's debut studio album, Reflection (2015). Serviced to contemporary hit radio on August 19,[1] the song was written by Eric Frederic, Joe Spargur, Daniel Kyriakides, Gamal Lewis, Jacob Kasher and Taylor Parks, and was produced by Frederic, Spargur and Daylight. Musically, "Boss" is a dance-pop song with additional instrumentation including trumpets, handclaps, horns and heavy bass that create a rhythmic militaristic sound. Lyrically, the song focuses on themes of feminism, female empowerment, confidence and reversed gender roles. Critics drew comparisons to the works of previous girl groups such as Destiny's Child.

"Boss" was well received by contemporary music critics, who praised the song's lyrical themes and production. "Boss" debuted and peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100,[2] staying in the charts for a total of fifteen weeks, outperforming "Miss Movin' On", their first single after forming as a quintet on The X Factor. Among national airplay charts, the track peaked at number 37 on the Mainstream Top 40, even though "Boss" was censored from mainstream radios after many felt the song was sending a political message to listeners, according to Frederic, one of the producers of the track. Outside of the United States, the song peaked at number 75 on the Canadian Hot 100 and reached the top 40 in countries such as Spain and the United Kingdom. The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

An accompanying music video for the song, choreographed and directed by Fatima Robinson, was released on the band's Vevo page that showed the group performing with chairs and interacting at a photo shoot and an arm wrestling contest. The group performed the single for the first time at the Toyota Concert Series on Today followed by a pre-show red-carpet performance at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. The track was subsequently included in both the Reflection Tour and the 7/27 Tour.

Background and release

Initially, the track was teased through Fifth Harmony's social media accounts, in a short clip on July 4 but a snippet was played near the end of their performance at the Kiss 108 FM Concert in Boston on May 30, 2014.[3] It was officially released exclusively through MTV shortly after being teased.[4] Speaking to MTV, the group stated that the whole idea behind the track was for girls who share the same age as the group to "turn" the song on and "feel confident and empowered" because insecurity is a "common occurrence" in this age. When you turn the song on, you "feel sexy" and "good about yourself."[5]

After performing the single live for the first time in its entirety on the Today Show, the group said that they felt "so many people are competitive with one another" and they want to "bring everyone together" and in turn, "have people encourage one another."[6] "Boss" received promotion through a self-esteem campaign partnership with Do Something titled #ImABoss. The purpose of this was to encourage young people to make signs for their friends that included a compliment or a unique trait about them. It started two days after the single's release and lasted for two months on September 9.[7][8]

Composition

"Boss" is a dance-pop, hip hop and R&B song.[13] It features trumpets, handclaps and heavy bass,[10] creating a rhythmic militaristic sound.[11] The lyrics features several cultural references. For example, the first verse refers to the hip hop dance move called the Nae Nae: "Everyday is payday, swipe my card, then I do the nae nae."[12] While the second line clearly cites the rappers Kanye West and Ray J: "You're talking to a lady, I want a Kanye and not a Ray J."[9][10] During the chorus, the group also praised female icons Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey,[10][12] The song received comparisons to Destiny's Child's "Independent Women";[14][12] Christina Garibaldi from MTV commented that the group "proudly sing about the fact they don't need a man as they "pledge allegiance to my independent girls in here."[10] In an interview with Garibaldi, the group stated that "the whole point of this song is for girls who are our age to turn it on and feel confident and empowered because at this age being insecure is such a common occurrence. So we think when you turn that song on, you feel sexy and feel good about yourself."[10]

Reception

Critical responses

Thematically, critics compared "Boss" to the works of Destiny's Child.

"Boss" has received positive reviews from critics. In a track-by-track review of the group's debut studio album, Reflection, Jason Lipshutz of Billboard describing the song as "brimming with female assertiveness." He adds that while the pop culture references "don't stand the test of time", the group's brand of "confidence", surely will.[9] Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times called "Boss" a stand out track from Reflection.[15] Praising the group's new mature image, James Dinh of SheKnows said that "Fifth Harmony ready to show off their grown and sexy side" or their record company is at least attempting to demonstrate that. She continues by saying that similar to the "many girl groups" that came before them, the "product of 2012's The X Factor" is back a new single with an "image that is just a bit more feisty" than last year's extended play, Better Together.[16]

Carolyn Menyes of Music Times gave a positive review saying while being "filled with urban music influences, 'Boss' shows a "mature" to the group, as "tribal beats" swoop underneath the track's "female-powered flare". She notes the "keen pop culture references which mentions celebrities and products such as Kanye West, Kim Kardashian and Beats by Dre. In a downside, Menyes said "Boss" could very "well become dated in future years" but at the moment, it is the kind of "ballsy bossy music pop needs".[17] In a positive review, Christina Lee of Idolator, stated that "Boss" proved to be a "working girl anthem" like its predecessors of "Bills, Bills, Bills," Kelis' "Bossy" and TLC's "No Scrubs," though for an age of filming #NaeNae Vines at the White House. Lee commended the group's mentor Simon Cowell, saying he "was onto something" adding that tracks like the "savvy 'Boss'", means that "girl groups were bound to come back in style".[18]

Commercial performance

For the marked date of July 17, 2014, "Boss" debuted at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with first-week sales of 75,000, becoming the group's best week sales as well as highest-charting song at that time.[19] The song charted for fifteen weeks and earned the group their first top 40 entry at the time on the Mainstream Top 40 peaking at number 37. "Boss" was certified Platinum in the United States for selling combined sales and track-equivalent streams units of one million.

Elsewhere, the song charted at number 12 in Scotland, while peaking right outside the top 20 in the United Kingdom at number 21. The song made appearances in the top 40 in countries such as Czech Republic, Spain and Slovakia.

The producer of the song, Ricky Reed, stated "Boss" was censored from some radios around the country due to references to First Lady Michelle Obama.[20]

Music video

Background and reception

The official music video was streamed online on MTV's website on July 7, 2014 and it was released on Fifth Harmony's official Vevo channel on July 8, 2014. Scenes in the video include chair choreography, a catwalk-strutting photo shoot and an arm wrestling contest.[21] The music video was directed and choreographed by Fatima Robinson. A behind-the-scenes video was released on July 11, 2014.[22] The video earned the group their second Vevo certification, for reaching over 100 million views on October 7, 2015.

Critics were positively receptive to the video with several critics noting the group's mature image from their previous videos. One of them was Jason Lipshutz of Billboard who noted the mature tone in the video and said the group "prove that they mean business." He also called the choreography "on point" and said that the name checks "appear (sic) to be reaching a new level as a collective."[23] Christina Lee of Idolator compared the director's work to that of the Backstreet Boys' "As Long As You Love Me", which features "flirting, flashing lights" and a "chair routine."[24]

Synopsis

The members of Fifth Harmony stand united wearing white-colored outfits.

The video begins with the members of Fifth Harmony snapping their fingers to the rhythm of the song. Moments later, phrases such as "Think like a boss" and "Dreams don't work unless you do" as well as "Find Yourself. And be that." flash momentarily in the video. The group are now dressed in all black-colored outfits, sporting a more revealing persona. The word 'Boss' appears abruptly, in Hollywood-inspired lights. The members then perform several choreographed dances, before the words Boss, with the 's' stylized with a dollar symbol, appear. The scene switches to a model runway, where the girls are now wearing different outfits, with photographers taking pictures as each girl poses for their picture. They refer themselves to a "Boss", showing their self-confidence and feminist values.

The setting switches to the scene in the beginning in the video, except all the girls are now sitting in metallic chairs, dancing as the word "common sense" appears on the screen. This is reference to the lyric, "That's me, I'm confident Don't want yo compliments Use common sense". The girls then unanimously tell their beloved to keep quiet and listen to them. The girls perform more choreographed dance routines, including moving their feet and tilting their heads backwards at the same time. Then, as the girls tell their lover to give them respect, they all kick their chairs back in frustration.

The girls are now challenging some men to an arm-wrestling challenge. Normani beats one of her male opponents effortlessly. In a different scene, the girls are seen placing their hand next to their heart, pledging allegiance to a white flag with the words "Bo$$ Fifth Harmony" written in gold letters. They all salute the flag, before the scene shifts to Lauren using a Sony camera to take a picture at what is unknown to the viewer. Then, each girl approaches the end of the runway, where lights flash, as each girl is shown. The girls then move their feet in synchronized motion, where the words "Let me" "hear you" "say" appear chronologically in three different times.

As the girls repeatedly say the words "yeah", the scene moves back to the arm-wrestling challenge, except Dinah is now facing a male opponent. She distracts him by removing his cap and placing it on her head and while he is distracted, manages to beat him. Ally then faces her male opponent, who removes his shirt and shows off his physical fitness. The setting shifts to one where all the girls are wearing long old-fashioned dresses, all sitting in a vintage sofa, exuding confidence. Lights flash constantly before the scene changes back to the arm-wrestling challenge, where Ally beats her opponent. Camila and Lauren also challenge a male opponent, and win as well. The girls are now feeling optimistic and empowered, with each girl holding letters that spell out the word "Confident". The scene ends with each girl back in the earlier setting, united and embracing their self-beauty. As of July 14, 2020, the video was nearing 250 million views, having 249.4 million views at the time.

Live performances

Fifth Harmony performed the song for the first time on The Today Show in New York City on the Rockefeller Plaza.[6] followed by a performance at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards on the red carpet and at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards's pre-show on November 9, 2014. The group also performed at the Radio Row press event, before the American Music Awards, singing "Boss" along with "Miss Movin' On" and "Sledgehammer".[25] The group performed "Boss" on BET's 106 and Park.[26] It was performed again on The X Factor 11th season on December 7, 2014.[citation needed] The girls performed it on Pitbull's New Year's Revolution that aired on Fox on December 31, 2014.

"Boss" is on the setlist for Fifth Harmony's performances at the 2015 New York, New York; Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; and Sunrise, Florida Jingle Ball concerts. They also performed the song during the 2016 Jingle Ball Tour concerts.[citation needed] It also part of the setlist used for The Reflection Tour.

Track listing

  • Digital download[27]
  1. "Boss" – 2:51
  • UK Digital single[28]
  1. "Boss" – 2:51
  2. "Sledgehammer"[a] – 3:52
  • Promo CD
  1. "Boss" (Radio Disney Edit) - 2:51
  2. "Boss" (Album Version) - 2:51
  3. "Boss" (Instrumental) - 2:51

Credits and personnel

Recorded at The Venice Studio (Venice, Los Angeles) and The Record Plant (Los Angeles)
Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios (North Hollywood)

  • Fifth Harmony – vocals
  • Eric Frederic – songwriter, production, programming, recording
  • Joe Spargur – songwriter, production, programming, recording
  • Gamal Lewis – songwriter
  • Daniel Kyriakides – songwriter, production, programming, horns, recording
  • Jacob Kasher – songwriter
  • Taylor Parks – songwriter, vocal production
  • Jaycen Joshua – mixing
  • Ryan Kaul – mixing assistant
  • Maddox Chhim – mixing assistant

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Reflection.[29]

Charts and certifications

Charts

Chart (2014) Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[30] 75
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[31] 39
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[32] 40
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[33] 37
Scotland (OCC)[34] 12
UK Singles (OCC)[35] 21
US Billboard Hot 100[36] 43
US Pop Airplay (Billboard)[37] 37

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[38] Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[39] Platinum 1,000,000

Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Release history

Country Date Format Label
United States[27] July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07) Digital download
United Kingdom[28] December 7, 2014 (2014-12-07)
  • Syco

Notes

  1. ^ "Sledgehammer" is included in the United Kingdom digital single release of "Boss" as the latter was released simultaneously and was served as promotion.

References

  1. ^ "Available for Airplay: Fifth Harmony - Boss (Epic)". FMQB. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  2. ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs for the Week of July 26, 2014". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  3. ^ "Watch—Fifth Harmony Tease New Song 'Boss' At KISS 108 Concert". Popdust. May 31, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  4. ^ Lipshutz, Jason (July 10, 2014). "Fifth Harmony Show Off Their Swagger In 'Boss' Video: Watch". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  5. ^ Garibaldi, Christina (July 8, 2014). "Fifth Harmony Prove They Are The 'Boss' In Sassy, Sexy Video". MTV News. Viacom International. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  6. ^ a b "Watch: Fifth Harmony Rock NYC with 'Boss', 'Miss Movin' On' on 'Today' [VIDEOS]". Music Times. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  7. ^ "DoSomething.org and Fifth Harmony Join Forces for the #ImABoss Campaign". PRNewswire. July 8, 2014.
  8. ^ Valadez, Brittany (July 10, 2014). "Fifth Harmony Joins 'Do Something' For #ImABoss Campaign". Lossip. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c Lipshutz, Jason. "Fifth Harmony Shows Who's Boss on 'Reflection': Track-by-Track Review". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Exclusive: Fifth Harmony Are On Their Michelle Obama Ish In Their Brand-New Single, 'Boss'". MTV. July 5, 2014. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  11. ^ a b Collar, Matt. "Fifth Harmony - Reflection (Review)". AllMusic. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d Garvey, Meaghan. "Fifth Harmony: Reflection Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  13. ^ "Fifth Harmony Hit Us Like A 'Sledgehammer' With New Single ..." MTV. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  14. ^ Mattina, Rebecca. "Track-by-Track Review: Reflection by Fifth Harmony". Andpop. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  15. ^ Kennedy, Gerrick D. (27 May 2016). "Fifth Harmony's '7/27' is largely a reminder of its strengths". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  16. ^ Dihn, James (9 July 2014). "Music review: Fifth Harmony gets like Michelle Obama on "Boss"". Sheknows. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  17. ^ Menyes, Carolyn (July 7, 2014). "REVIEW: Fifth Harmony Prove They're The 'Boss' in Sassy New Single [LISTEN]". Music Times. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  18. ^ Lee, Christina (6 July 2014). "Fifth Harmony Channel Destiny's Child In New Single "Boss": Listen". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  19. ^ "The Hot 100 - July 26, 2014". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. July 26, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  20. ^ "Radio Stations Won't Play Fifth Harmony's "Boss" Because They Name Check Michelle Obama?". Idolator. 20 August 2014.
  21. ^ "Fifth Harmony Is All Grown Up In 'Boss' Music Video". The Huffington Post. AOL. July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  22. ^ Fifth Harmony - Behind the Scenes of Boss. YouTube. 11 July 2014.
  23. ^ Lipshutz, Jason. "Fifth Harmony Show Off Their Swagger In 'Boss' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  24. ^ Lee, Christina (8 July 2014). "Fifth Harmony Unveil "Boss" Video: Watch". Idolator. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  25. ^ "Fifth Harmony Was The Definition of "Boss" on the Radio Row Stage". American Music Awards. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  26. ^ "Fifth Harmony Perform "Boss" on BET 106th & Park!". The Official Epic Records Site. Archived from the original on 2015-02-05.
  27. ^ a b "iTunes - Music - Boss - Single by Fifth Harmony". iTunes Store (US). Apple. July 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-07-11.
  28. ^ a b "iTunes - Music - Boss - Single by Fifth Harmony". iTunes Store (UK). Apple. December 7, 2014.
  29. ^ Reflection (CD liner notes). Fifth Harmony. Epic Records / Syco Music. 2015.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  30. ^ "Fifth Harmony Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
  31. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select 38. týden 2014 in the date selector. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  32. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select SINGLES DIGITAL - TOP 100 and insert 201438 into search. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  33. ^ "Fifth Harmony – Boss" Canciones Top 50.
  34. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
  35. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
  36. ^ "Fifth Harmony Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
  37. ^ "Fifth Harmony Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
  38. ^ "British single certifications – Fifth Harmony – Boss". British Phonographic Industry.
  39. ^ "American single certifications – Fifth Harmony – Bo$$". Recording Industry Association of America. June 26, 2015.

Read other articles:

العلاقات العراقية الكازاخستانية العراق كازاخستان   العراق   كازاخستان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات العراقية الكازاخستانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين العراق وكازاخستان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدول�...

 

 

Head of state of the Principality of Monaco Sovereign Prince of MonacoArms of His Serene Highness the Sovereign Prince of MonacoIncumbentAlbert IIsince 6 April 2005 DetailsStyleHis Serene HighnessHeir apparentJacquesFirst monarchHonoré II (as prince; previous rulers were called lords until 1612)Formation29 November 1604ResidencePrince's PalaceWebsiteMonarchy of Monaco Politics of Monaco Constitution Human rights Monarchy Prince (list) Albert II Prince Jacques Princely family Succes...

 

 

Constituency of Bangladesh's Jatiya Sangsad Jamalpur-5Constituencyfor the Jatiya SangsadDistrictJamalpur DistrictDivisionMymensingh DivisionElectorate469,931 (2018)[1]Current constituencyCreated1978PartyAwami LeagueMember(s) Md. Abul Kalam Azad Jamalpur-5 is a constituency represented in the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament) of Bangladesh since 2024 by Md Abul Kalam Azad of the Awami League. Boundaries The constituency encompasses Jamalpur Sadar Upazila.[2] History The cons...

Stasiun Ciamis Peron Stasiun Ciamis, November 2019LokasiJalan Stasiun Ciamis No.43Ciamis, Ciamis, Ciamis, Jawa BaratIndonesiaKoordinat7°19′38″S 108°21′35″E / 7.32722°S 108.35972°E / -7.32722; 108.35972Koordinat: 7°19′38″S 108°21′35″E / 7.32722°S 108.35972°E / -7.32722; 108.35972Ketinggian+199 mOperator Kereta Api IndonesiaDaerah Operasi II Bandung Letakkm 288+696 lintas Bogor–Bandung–Banjar–Kutoarjo–Yogyakarta[...

 

 

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Stefan de Vries. Nama ini merupakan sebuah nama Belanda; nama keluarganya adalah De Vrij, bukan Vrij. Stefan de Vrij Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Stefan de Vrij[1]Tanggal lahir 5 Februari 1992 (umur 32)Tempat lahir Krimpenerwaard, BelandaTinggi 189 cm (6 ft 2 in)[2]Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Inter MilanNomor 6Karier junior1997–2002 VV Spirit2002–2009 FeyenoordKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2009–2014 ...

 

 

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl(英文)(波兰文)2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会(東京)2021年7月23日至8月8日(受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟,但仍保留原定名称)運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式:帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基(游泳)和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡(自行车)[1]闭幕式:卡罗利娜·纳亚(皮划艇)&#...

Mathieu AmalricAmalric pada Festival film Cannes 2007PekerjaanActor, Film directorTahun aktif1984–sekarang Mathieu Amalric (lahir 25 Oktober 1965) merupakan seorang aktor dan sutradara berkebangsaan Prancis yang memenangkan nominasi César Award. Dia dilahirkan di Neuilly-sur-Seine. Dia berkarier di dunia film sejak tahun 1984. Filmografi Aktor Favourites of the Moon (Les Favoris de la lune) (1984) The Sentinelle (La Sentinel) (1992) Diary of a Seducer (Le Journal du séducteur) (1996...

 

 

Not to be confused with Laurelton Hall. All-girls school in Milford, New Haven County, Connecticut, United StatesAcademy of Our Lady of Mercy, Lauralton HallAddress200 High StreetMilford, New Haven County, Connecticut 06460United StatesCoordinates41°13′23″N 73°03′54″W / 41.22300329526089°N 73.06486139896646°W / 41.22300329526089; -73.06486139896646InformationTypeAll-girlsMottoFides consequitur quodquonque petit(Faith attains all that it seeks)Religious affi...

 

 

Method of communication for those with deafblindness This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tactile signing is a common means of communication used by people with deafblindness. It is based on a sign language or another system of manual communication. Tactil...

Historic district in Manhattan, New York 104 (right) to 122 (left) East 17th Street The East 17th Street/Irving Place Historic District is a small historic district located primarily on East 17th Street between Union Square East and Irving Place in the Union Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on June 30, 1988, and encompasses nine mid-19th century rowhouses and apartment buildings on the south side of East ...

 

 

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Sastra klasik. Moby-Dick karya Herman Melville, sebuah contoh dari buku klasik Buku klasik adalah sebuah buku yang dicetak berulang kali atau terkenal, contohnya melalui sebuah imprimatur seperti buku-buku yang terdaftar dalam daftar buku-buku besar, atau melalui opini pribadi pembaca. Meskipun istilah tersebut sering kali dikaitkan dengan kanon Barat, istilah tersebut dapat direrapkan kepada karya-karya sastra dari seluruh tradisi, seperti klasik Tionghoa atau Weda...

 

 

Coppa NexusI giocatori del Frosinone festeggiano con la Coppa Nexus al termine del campionato di Serie B 2022-2023Sport calcio Conferito daLega Serie B Fondazione2021-2022 Assegnato aprimi due classificati e vincitore dei play-off di Serie B Frequenzaannuale Numero edizioni3 Detentore Parma Como Venezia Maggiori vittorie9 squadre (1) Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Coppa Nexus è il trofeo assegnato ai primi due club classificati del campionato italiano di calcio d...

Coat of arms Coat of arms of AmsterdamVersionsEscutcheon-only version ArmigerCity of AmsterdamCrestThe Imperial Crown of Austria, properShieldGules, a pale sable charged with three saltorels argent in paleSupportersTwo lions rampant properCompartmentA stone pedestal properMottoHeldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Dutch: Valiant, Steadfast, Compassionate) The coat of arms of Amsterdam is the official coat of arms symbol of the city of Amsterdam. It consists of a red shield and a black pale wit...

 

 

2012年夏季奥林匹克运动会克罗地亚代表團克罗地亚国旗IOC編碼CRONOC克羅地亞奧林匹克委員會網站www.hoo.hr(英文)(克羅埃西亞文)2012年夏季奥林匹克运动会(倫敦)2012年7月27日至8月12日運動員108參賽項目16个大项旗手维尼奥·洛塞特历届奥林匹克运动会参赛记录(总结)夏季奥林匹克运动会199219962000200420082012201620202024冬季奥林匹克运动会199219941998200220062010201420182022其他相�...

 

 

Family of ray-finned fishes SalmonidaeTemporal range: Early Eocene to present[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Superorder: Protacanthopterygii Order: SalmoniformesBleeker, 1859 Family: SalmonidaeG. Cuvier, 1816 Type species SalmoLinnaeus, 1758 Genera (see text) Salmonidae (/sælˈmɒnɪdiː/, lit. salmon-like) is a family of ray-finned fish ...

葉可樑(1879年—1972年)字肖鹤,福建省闽侯县人。中华民国外交官、教育家。[1] 生平 叶可樑早年先后于福州英华书院、上海圣约翰大学毕业。1905年,留学美国,入康奈尔大学农科,1908年获学士学位。此后,入密西根矿业学校,获硕士学位。 归国后,1910年任《北京日报》主笔。授翰林院編修[2],1912年2月至5月,任京师大学堂农科大学监督。1912年5月至1913年1月...

 

 

Questa voce sull'argomento montagne della Bulgaria è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Monte BotevVetta del monteStato Bulgaria Altezza2 376 m s.l.m. Prominenza1 567 m CatenaMonti Balcani Coordinate42°43′02.7″N 24°55′01.9″E42°43′02.7″N, 24°55′01.9″E Mappa di localizzazioneMonte Botev Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Il monte Botev (2.376 m s.l.m.) è la montagna più alta dei monti...

 

 

AguascalientesHuaxk’anda[1]​ Localidad De izquierda a derecha y de arriba abajo: Barrio de la Estación, Barrio de San Marcos, Barrio del Encino, Centro histórico de Aguascalientes, Cerro del Muerto, Feria Nacional de San Marcos, Centro histórico de Aguascalientes, Glorieta de Don Quijote, Baños termales de Ojocaliente, Barrio de Guadalupe, Templo de San Antonio y Museo de Aguascalientes, INEGI, Teatro Aguascalientes, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Escudo Otros nombres: C...

French dramatist and librettist Michel-Jean Sedaine, engraving by Pierre-Charles Lévesque after the portrait by David. French and Francophone literature by category History Medieval Renaissance 17th 18th 19th 20th century Contemporary Movements Précieuses Classicism Rococo Decadent Parnassianism Symbolism Nouveau roman Writers Chronological list Writers by category Essayists Novelists Playwrights Poets Short story writers Children's writers Countries and regions France Quebec Franco-America...

 

 

Financial scandal in France Alexandre StaviskyPolice Magazine14 January 1934 The Stavisky affair was a financial scandal in France in 1934, involving embezzler Alexandre Stavisky. The scandal had political ramifications for the Radical-Socialist government after it was revealed that Prime Minister Camille Chautemps had protected Stavisky, who died suddenly in mysterious circumstances. Political rightists engaged in large anti-government demonstrations on 6 February 1934, which resulted in the...