Border Defence Cooperation Agreement

Border Defence Cooperation Agreement
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Border Defence Cooperation
The Indian Defence Secretary, R. K. Mathur and the PLA Deputy Chief of General Staff, Lt. Gen. Sun Jianguo signing the Agreement in Beijing on 23 October 2013. Premier Li Keqiang and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh present.
TypeBorder management
Confidence Building Measure[1]
Context
Signed23 October 2013
LocationGreat Hall of the People, Tiananmen Square, Beijing[2]
ConditionRatification by China and India
Parties
CitationsAgreement
Languages
Full text
India-China Border Agreement 2013 at Wikisource

The Agreement between India and China on Border Defence Cooperation (BDCA) covers border stability and security, information asymmetry, smuggling, socio-economic reconstruction, environment and disease transmission along the line of actual control.[1][3][4] It is an incremental addition to the previous border agreements related to the Sino-Indian border dispute.[5][6]

BDCA is one of the growing number of defence cooperation agreements being signed between countries worldwide.[7][failed verification]

Background

Further information: 2013 Depsang standoff

China proposed the BDCA as early as the 5th India-China annual defence dialogue (ADD) in January 2013.[8] The following months saw negotiations and counter-proposals by India.[8][9]

In April 2013, India reported a Chinese PLA incursion at the mouth of Depsang Bulge near the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh.[10][11] This three week face-off was one of the border incidents that took place during the drafting of the agreement.[1][12] In July 2013, India also saw PLA movement into Chumar and transgressions in Barahoti and Dichu.[13]

In July 2013, the Indian Minister of Defence met his counterpart General Chang Wanquan, as well as Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang and State Councilor Yang Jiechi. In a joint statement, with regard to "peace and tranquility in their border areas" both sides appreciated "that border defence cooperation would make a significant contribution in that regard" and "they agreed on an early conclusion of negotiations for a proposed agreement on border defence cooperation between the two Governments".[14]

The agreement was finalized at a meeting of the Joint Working Group a few weeks before it was finally signed in Beijing in October 2013.[8]

Agreements

BDCA mentions the "India-China Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity" and four previous border agreements:

Articles

BDCA has ten articles. The agreement outlines ways to implement border defence cooperation "on the basis of their respective laws and relevant bilateral agreements". This includes the exchange of information, joint smuggling efforts, assistance in locating trans-border movement, disease transmission or "any other way mutually agreed upon the two sides". The agreement goes on to elaborate on mechanisms for implementing this border defence cooperation including flag meeting, border personal meetings, hotlines and meetings between representatives at various fora. This agreement goes a step further by saying that cooperation can be enhanced through CBMs such as cultural exchanges, "non-contact" sports, military exercises, and "small scale tactical exercises along the line of actual control in the India-China border areas." Military clauses cover tailing patrols, seeking clarification in areas of differing perceptions of the Line of Actual Control and practice military restraint in all ways. The agreement clearly stated that the agreement would be honoured irrespective of the alignment of the LAC. The agreement concludes in an elastic nature, "It may be revised, amended or terminated with the consent of the two sides. Any revision or amendment, mutually agreed by the two sides, shall form an integral part of this Agreement'.[15][16][4]

Aftermath

The BDCA was met with skepticism from a number of Indian analysts.[17][18][19] Monika Chansoria, head of the China-study program Centre for Land Warfare Studies, called the agreement as a Beijing "engineered" with no clear progress or differentiation from previous agreements, adding that the main issue of resolving the border dispute was not part of the BDCA.[17] Jayadeva Ranade pointed out that there was no reference to status quo, ambiguity in the way certain arguments were framed including lines related to infrastructure development.[20] However, D Suba Chandran, director at Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, stated "even the worst critique would not find faults with it [the agreement]".[16]

In a press conference on 24 October 2013, a day after BDCA was signed, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China spokesperson Hua Chunying stated that "Over the past decades, with the concerted efforts of the two countries, negotiations on the boundary question have sustained a sound momentum and the border areas are basically peaceful and tranquil."[21]

During the 2020-21 China-India border skirmishes the BDCA and other border agreements failed in their purpose.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Das, Bijoy (January–March 2014). "Border Defence Cooperation Agreement. The Icebreaker in Making?" (PDF). Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1 (1): 35–48.
  2. ^ Blanchard, Ben (2013-10-23). Macfie, Nick (ed.). "China, India sign deal aimed at soothing border tension". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  3. ^ "Inter-State Border Defence Cooperation Agreement between India and China". PA-X: Peace Agreements Database. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  4. ^ a b "Ten things you should know about India,China border defence agreement". The Indian Express. Press Information Bureau. 2014-03-14. Archived from the original on 2014-06-12. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  5. ^ Shukla, Ajai (2013-10-24). "India, China sign border defence pact". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  6. ^ Chellaney, Brahma (2013-10-21). "Why India's new border pact with China won't work". mint. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  7. ^ Kinne, Brandon J. (15 August 2018). "Defense Cooperation Agreements and the Emergence of a Global Security Network". International Organization. 72 (4): 799–837. doi:10.1017/S0020818318000218. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 158722872.
  8. ^ a b c Resilient Sino-Indian Relationship, Indian Foreign Affairs Journal (2013), pg. 389.
  9. ^ "India gives counter proposal for Border Defence Coop Agreement". The Pioneer. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  10. ^ Sawant, Gaurav C. (26 April 2013), "India is No Pushover: Salman Khurshid", India Today, archived from the original on 30 April 2013, retrieved 7 July 2021
  11. ^ Hashmi, Sana (29 October 2013). "Border Defence Cooperation Agreement: A New Beginning?" (PDF). Centre for Air Power Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  12. ^ "China-India reach border defence pact". Al Jazeera. 23 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  13. ^ Chellaney, Brahma (2013-07-30). "China's game plan to keep India on the back foot". mint. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  14. ^ "Full Text of Joint Statement by Chinese and Indian Defence Ministers". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of India. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  15. ^ Border Defence Cooperation Agreement between India and China. Governments of India and China – via Wikisource.
  16. ^ a b Chandran, D Suba (27 October 2013). "India & China: An Assessment of October 2013 Agreements: Border Defence Agreement". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  17. ^ a b Chansoria, Monika (13 January 2014). "India-China Border Agreement: Much Ado about Nothing". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  18. ^ Bhat, Lt Col Anil (2014-08-02). "An Ambiguous Border Defence Cooperation Agreement With China?". Salute. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  19. ^ Sawhney, Pravin. "The BDC agreement is a win-win for China than India". Force India. Archived from the original on 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  20. ^ Ranade, Jayadeva (27 October 2013). "India & China: An Assessment of October 2013 Agreements- No Tangibles". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  21. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on October 24, 2013". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  22. ^ Joshi, Manoj (24 June 2020). "There is an answer to Modi's enigma on Galwan". ORF. Archived from the original on 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
Bibliography
  • Das, Rup Narayan (2013). "Resilient Sino-Indian Relationship: Assessing Prime Minister's 2013 Visit". Indian Foreign Affairs Journal. 8 (4): 387–399. ISSN 0973-3248. JSTOR 45341908 – via JSTOR.

Read other articles:

Edward Gordon Craig

Edward Gordon CraigCH OBELahirEdward Godwin(1872-01-16)16 Januari 1872StevenageHertfordshire, InggrisMeninggal29 Juli 1966(1966-07-29) (umur 94)Vence, PrancisPekerjaanPerancang panggung, sutradara teater, ahli teori teater, aktorPeriodeModernismeAliran sastraSymbolismKarya terkenalThe Art of the Theatre (1905)The Mask (1908-1929)MAT production of Hamlet (1911-1912)PasanganMay Gibson Edward Henry Gordon Craig[notes 1] CH OBE (neeEdward Godwin; 16 Januari 1872...

 

Carl A. Wirtanen

American astronomer Minor planets discovered: 8 [1] 1600 Vyssotsky October 22, 1947 1685 Toro July 17, 1948 1747 Wright July 14, 1947 1863 Antinous March 7, 1948 1951 Lick July 26, 1949 2044 Wirt November 8, 1950 6107 Osterbrock January 14, 1948 (29075) 1950 DA February 22, 1950 Carl Alvar Wirtanen (November 11, 1910 – March 7, 1990) was an American astronomer and discoverer of comets and minor planets who worked at Lick Observatory.[2][3] He was of Finnish anc...

 

Akira Tsuburaya

Akira TsuburayaTsuburaya, c. 1965Nama asal円谷 粲Lahir12 Februari 1944 (umur 80)Tokyo, Jepang[1]AlmamaterUniversitas Tamagawa[2]PekerjaanProduser film dan televisiTahun aktif1965–2006AnakYūko Tsuburaya [ja]Orang tuaEiji Tsuburaya (bapak)Masano Araki (ibu)Nama JepangKanji 円谷 粲 Kana つぶらや あきら[1] TranskripsiRomanisasiTsuburaya Akira Akira Tsuburaya (円谷 粲（あきら）code: ja is deprecated , Tsuburaya Akir...

Joveyn County

County in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran For other places with a similar name, see Jovain, Iran. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Persian. (December 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Persian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the tran...

 

Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress

Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress adalah pesawat pembom sayap rendah (low wing) modifikasi dari B-17 Flying Fortress Amerika Serikat, dikonversi untuk bertindak sebagai pendamping bersenjata berat untuk pembom lain selama Perang Dunia II. Pada saat pembangunan, pesawat tempur jarak jauhnya seperti Amerika Utara P-51 Mustang yang baru saja memasuki kuantitas produksi, sehingga belum tersedia untuk menemani pembom sepanjang jalan dari Inggris ke Jerman dan kembali. Referensi Bishop, Cliff T. Fortre...

 

The Statesman (India)

For other uses, see Statesman. Indian English-language daily newspaper This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Statesman India – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The StatesmanPeople's Parliament, Always in SessionFront page (8...

Cesare Monti (cardinale)

Cesare Monticardinale di Santa Romana ChiesaRitratto del cardinale Monti, 1650  Incarichi ricoperti Assessore della Congregazione della Romana e Universale Inquisizione (1624-1635) Nunzio apostolico nel Regno di Napoli (1627-1628) Patriarca titolare di Antiochia (1629-1633) Nunzio apostolico in Spagna (1630-1634) Arcivescovo metropolita di Milano (1632-1650) Cardinale presbitero di Santa Maria in Traspontina (1634-1650)  Nato15 maggio 1594 a Milano Ordinato presbitero1629 Nominato p...

 

俄亥俄州

  「俄亥俄」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「俄亥俄 (消歧义)」。 俄亥俄州 美國联邦州State of Ohio 州旗州徽綽號：七葉果之州地图中高亮部分为俄亥俄州坐标：38°27'N－41°58'N, 80°32'W－84°49'W国家 美國加入聯邦1803年3月1日，在1953年8月7日追溯頒定（第17个加入联邦）首府哥倫布（及最大城市）政府 • 州长（英语：List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]） •&...

 

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

Law enforcement in Angola

The police in Angola The national police in Angola. Law enforcement in Angola is run by the Government of Angola. The National Police Force (PN) is a paramilitary body controlled by the Ministry of the Interior.[1][2] History Law enforcement has its origins in the Polícia de Segurança Pública of Portuguese Angola. On February 28, 1976, the National Police was founded via an oath taking ceremony for 383 policemen at the National Public Order Police School. It was founded as ...

 

中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表

 本表是動態列表，或許永遠不會完結。歡迎您參考可靠來源來查漏補缺。 潛伏於中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表收錄根據公開資料來源，曾潛伏於中華民國國軍、被中國共產黨聲稱或承認，或者遭中華民國政府調查審判，為中華人民共和國和中國人民解放軍進行間諜行為的人物。以下列表以現今可查知時間為準，正確的間諜活動或洩漏機密時間可能早於或晚於以下所歸�...

 

Biomolecule

Molecule produced by a living organism Part of a series onBiochemistryChemistry of life Index Outline History Key components Biomolecules Enzymes Gene expression Metabolism List of biochemists Biochemist List of biochemists Biomolecule families Carbohydrates: Alcohols Glycoproteins Glycosides Lipids: Eicosanoids Fatty acids Fatty-acid metabolism Glycerides Phospholipids Sphingolipids Cholesterol Steroids Nucleic acids: Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleotide metabolism Proteins: Amino ...

Contea di Texas (Missouri)

Questa voce sull'argomento contee del Missouri è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Contea di TexasconteaLocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato Missouri AmministrazioneCapoluogoHouston Data di istituzione1843 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo37°19′12″N 91°57′36″W37°19′12″N, 91°57′36″W (Contea di Texas) Superficie3 054 km² Abitanti23 003 (2000) Densità7,53 ab./km² Altre informazioniFus...

 

Reinhardt polygon

Polygon with many longest diagonals Four 15-sided Reinhardt polygons (yellow), inscribed in Reuleaux polygons (curved black outer boundaries). The diameters are shown as blue line segments within each polygon. In geometry, a Reinhardt polygon is an equilateral polygon inscribed in a Reuleaux polygon. As in the regular polygons, each vertex of a Reinhardt polygon participates in at least one defining pair of the diameter of the polygon. Reinhardt polygons with n {\displaystyle n} sides exist, ...

 

Journal of Human Evolution

Academic journalJournal of Human EvolutionDisciplineEvolutionary biology, anthropology, archaeologyLanguageEnglishEdited byAndrea B. Taylor, Mark W. GrabowskiPublication detailsHistory1972-presentPublisherElsevierFrequencyMonthlyImpact factor3.895 (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4J. Hum. Evol.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (...

日本島嶼列表

日本列島及其附屬島嶼 日本島嶼列表列出所有現時日本政府主張領有權的島嶼。 日本是一个由14,125个岛屿组成的群岛國家，其中约260个岛屿有人居住。日本是东亚地區最大的岛国，也是世界第四大岛国。 据日本海岸警卫队1987年进行的一项调查，日本共有海岸线100米以上的岛屿6,852个。2023年2月28日，日本國土地理院宣布，通过使用数字地图重新統計，岛屿数量已更新为14,125�...

 

Eric Björkander

Eric BjörkanderNazionalità Svezia Altezza185 cm Peso75 kg Calcio RuoloDifensore Squadra Brommapojkarna CarrieraGiovanili Rödeby AIF2011-2012 Lyckeby GoIF2012-2014 Mjällby Squadre di club1 2014-2015 Mjällby28 (1)2016-2019 GIF Sundsvall77 (1)2020-2021 Mjällby34 (2)2021-2023 Altay53 (2)2023-2024 Istria 19615 (0)2024- Brommapojkarna0 (0) Nazionale 2015 Svezia U-191 (0) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di ...

 

Arte degli Albergatori

Arte degli AlbergatoriAttivitàAlbergatori LuogoFirenze Istituzione1288 StemmaD'argento alla stella di rosso a otto punte ProtettoreSan Giuliano l'Ospitaliere Antica sedeResidenza dell'Arte degli Albergatori (distrutta, già in piazza del Monte di Pietà, oggi tra via dei Lamberti e via dei Cavalieri) Manuale L'Arte degli Albergatori è stata una delle Arti Minori delle corporazioni di arti e mestieri di Firenze. Indice 1 Storia 2 Organizzazione interna 3 Membri celebri 4 Patronati 5 Bibliogr...

Catherine Alderton

British politician (1869–1951) Catherine Buchanan AldertonMBE, JP, CCBorn1869Died9 November 1951(1951-11-09) (aged 81–82) Alderman Mrs Catherine Buchanan Alderton MBE, JP, CC (1869 – 9 November 1951[1]), was a British Liberal Party politician and suffragist. She was the first woman elected as Mayoress of Colchester. Background Catherine Alderton was the daughter of the Reverend Thomas Robinson, minister of Lion Walk Congregational Church from 1886 to 1902.[2] She wa...

 

Southampton

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Southampton (homonymie). Southampton Héraldique Administration Pays Royaume-Uni Nation Angleterre Comté Hampshire Statut Cité relevant d’une autorité locale unique (1964) Maire Peter Baillie[1] Code postal SO14-SO19 Démographie Population 253 651 hab.[2] (2011) Densité 4 928 hab./km2 Population de l'aire urbaine 1 547 000 hab. (2010) Géographie Coordonnées 50° 54′ 54″ nord, 1° 23′ ...