In mathematics, the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality is the inequality

${\displaystyle c_{1}^{2}\leq 3c_{2}}$

between Chern numbers of compact complex surfaces of general type. Its major interest is the way it restricts the possible topological types of the underlying real 4-manifold. It was proved independently by Shing-Tung Yau (1977, 1978) and Yoichi Miyaoka (1977), after Antonius Van de Ven (1966) and Fedor Bogomolov (1978) proved weaker versions with the constant 3 replaced by 8 and 4.

Armand Borel and Friedrich Hirzebruch showed that the inequality is best possible by finding infinitely many cases where equality holds. The inequality is false in positive characteristic: William E. Lang (1983) and Robert W. Easton (2008) gave examples of surfaces in characteristic p, such as generalized Raynaud surfaces, for which it fails.

The conventional formulation of the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality is as follows. Let X be a compact complex surface of general type, and let c₁ = c₁(X) and c₂ = c₂(X) be the first and second Chern class of the complex tangent bundle of the surface. Then

${\displaystyle c_{1}^{2}\leq 3c_{2}.}$

Moreover if equality holds then X is a quotient of a ball. The latter statement is a consequence of Yau's differential geometric approach which is based on his resolution of the Calabi conjecture.

Since ${\displaystyle c_{2}(X)=e(X)}$ is the topological Euler characteristic and by the Thom–Hirzebruch signature theorem ${\displaystyle c_{1}^{2}(X)=2e(X)+3\sigma (X)}$ where ${\displaystyle \sigma (X)}$ is the signature of the intersection form on the second cohomology, the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality can also be written as a restriction on the topological type of the surface of general type:

${\displaystyle \sigma (X)\leq {\frac {1}{3}}e(X),}$

moreover if ${\displaystyle \sigma (X)=(1/3)e(X)}$ then the universal covering is a ball.

Together with the Noether inequality the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality sets boundaries in the search for complex surfaces. Mapping out the topological types that are realized as complex surfaces is called geography of surfaces. see surfaces of general type.

If X is a surface of general type with ${\displaystyle c_{1}^{2}=3c_{2}}$, so that equality holds in the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality, then Yau (1977) proved that X is isomorphic to a quotient of the unit ball in ${\displaystyle {\mathbb {C} }^{2}}$ by an infinite discrete group. Examples of surfaces satisfying this equality are hard to find. Borel (1963) showed that there are infinitely many values of c²
₁ = 3c₂ for which a surface exists. David Mumford (1979) found a fake projective plane with c²
₁ = 3c₂ = 9, which is the minimum possible value because c²
₁ + c₂ is always divisible by 12, and Prasad & Yeung (2007), Prasad & Yeung (2010), Donald I. Cartwright and Tim Steger (2010) showed that there are exactly 50 fake projective planes.

Barthel, Hirzebruch & Höfer (1987) gave a method for finding examples, which in particular produced a surface X with c²
₁ = 3c₂ = 3²5⁴. Ishida (1988) found a quotient of this surface with c²
₁ = 3c₂ = 45, and taking unbranched coverings of this quotient gives examples with c²
₁ = 3c₂ = 45k for any positive integer k. Donald I. Cartwright and Tim Steger (2010) found examples with c²
₁ = 3c₂ = 9n for every positive integer n.

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