This article is about the trans-Atlantic packet shipping company. For the Liverpool-based shipping company trading with the same name, see James Baines & Co.
Map of the Port of New York on the south tip of Manhattan Island in 1851. Heavy broken line marks the waterfront below City Hall park in 1784. Area filled in prior to 1820. The docks of the Black Ball Line are in the upper part of the figure.
The Black Ball Line (originally known as the Wright, Thompson, Marshall, & Thompson Line, then as the Old Line) was a passenger line founded by a group of New York Quaker merchants headed by Jeremiah Thompson, and included Isaac Wright & Son (William), Francis Thompson and Benjamin Marshall. All were Quakers except Marshall.[1]
The line initially consisted of four packet ships, the Amity, Courier, Pacific and the James Monroe. All of these were running between Liverpool, England and New York City. This first scheduled trans-Atlantic service was founded in 1817. In operation for some 60 years, it took its name from its flag, a black ball on a red background.[2][3]
History
England, a packet ship of the Black Ball Line
The Wright, Thompson, Marshall, & Thompson Line was founded in 1817 and began shipping operations in 1818. At some point in the line's history it became known as the Old Line and eventually became known as the Black Ball Line after the 1840s.[1] The Black Ball Line pioneered regularly scheduled shipping with fixed departure dates, thus contributing to the eventual development of travel by ocean liner. The packet ships were contracted by governments to carry mail and also carried passengers and timely items such as newspapers. Up to this point there were no regular passages advertised by sailing ships. They arrived at port when they could, dependent on the wind, and left when they were loaded, frequently visiting other ports to complete their cargo. The Black Ball Line undertook to leave New York on a fixed day of the month irrespective of cargo or passengers. The service took several years to establish itself and it was not until 1822 that the line increased sailings to two per month; it also reduced the cost of passage to 35 guineas.
The sensation this created brought in competitors such as the Red Star Line, which also adopted fixed dates. The average passage of packets from New York to Liverpool was 23 days eastward and 40 days westward. But this was at a period where usual reported passages were 30 and 45 days respectively, while westward passages of 65 to 90 days excited no attention. The best passage from New York to Liverpool in those days was the 15 days 16 hours achieved at the end of 1823 by the ship New York (though often incorrectly reported as Canada).[4] The westward crossing had a remarkable record of 15 days 23 hours set by the Black Ball's Columbia in 1830,[5] during an unusually prolonged spell of easterly weather which saw several other packet ships making the journey in 16 to 17 days. Captain Joseph Delano was reported to be "up with the Banks of Newfoundland in ten days".[6][7]
Captain Charles H. Marshall
In 1836 the Line passed into the hands of Captain Charles H. Marshall, he gradually added the Columbus, Oxford. Cambridge, New York, England, Yorkshire, Fidelia, Isaac Wright, Isaac Webb, the third Manhattan, Montezuma, Alexander Marshall, Great Western, and Harvest Queen to the fleet.[8]
The Black Ball Line is mentioned in several sea shanties, most prominently in "Hurrah for the Black Ball Line" (Roud 2623), which extols the speed and efficiency of the line and the hardness of its sailors. It is also mentioned in other shanties such as "Blow the Man Down," "Homeward Bound," "Eliza Lee," and "New York Girls."[9]
Was a whaler from 1826 to 1861 and a part of the Great Stone Fleet during the Civil War[10]
1817
James Monroe
424 tons
118 ft
28'3''
A. Brown, New York
The first packet of the Black Ball liner to depart on time, 5 January 1818;[10] left the packet service in 1823 to the Cuban trade; ran aground in 1850 off the Tasmanian coast
1819
Albion
New York
wrecked off the coast of Ireland, near Kinsale, April 25, 1822, with a loss of forty-six lives
sank 31 December 1875 after a collision, in the Irish Channel
1855
James Foster, Jr.
1410 BRT
William H. Webb, New York
was in 1881 as a Hudson sold to German owners
1855
Neptune
1406 BRT
William H. Webb, New York
ran in April 1876 to the Nova Scotia coast and broken
1860
Alexander Marshall
1177 BRT
William H. Webb, New York
sank 1869 in the North Atlantic
Similar shipping lines
In 1851 James Baines & Co. of Liverpool entered the packet trade using the same name and flag as the New York company, despite its protests. Thus, for about twenty years, two "Black Ball lines" under separate ownership were operating in direct competition on the transatlantic packet trade. James Baines & Co. also operated ships running between Liverpool and Australia, including famous clipper ships such as Champion of the Seas, James Baines, Lightning, Indian Queen, Marco Polo and Sovereign of the Seas.[1]
The Saint John-Liverpool Packet Line which existed for a couple of years in the 1850s was also known as the Black Ball Line. It was managed by Richard Wright, St. John, and William and James Fernie, in Liverpool.[1]
In 1894 Charles Peabody, a descendant of one of the founding Marshall brothers, created the Alaska Steamship Company and used a variation of the Black Ball Line's flag. In 1928 Peabody's son Alexander Marshall Peabody used that flag for his own new Puget Sound Navigation Company, which operated ferries under the name "Black Ball Line." Black Ball Ferry Line, a successor company to Puget Sound Navigation Company, currently operates the MV Coho daily across the US/Canada border. The Coho crosses from Port Angeles, WA to Victoria, BC.[13]
Notes
^The company was founded in 1817. It was not until 1818 that it began shipping operations.
^Stephen Fox, Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships, Harper Collins (2003) ISBN0-06-019595-9, pp. 3–16 (introductory chapter on sailing packets)
^Gibbs, Charles Robert Vernon (1957). Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day. London: Staples Press. OCLC225962096.
^"SV Montezuma (+1854)". Wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 25 May 2022. The American packet ship Montezuma was a 3-masted, square-rigged ship, built in New York in 1843 by Webb & Allen for the Black Ball Line of packets between New York and Liverpool. 924 tons; 162' x 35' 8" x 21' ft. Montezuma was wrecked on Jones Beach, Long Island, on 18 May 1854, on a voyage from Liverpool to New York, carrying approximate 500 immigrant passengers. All passengers and crew were saved.
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