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Antennas
Common types Dipole Fractal Loop Monopole Satellite dish Television Whip
Components Balun Block upconverter Coaxial cable Counterpoise (ground system) Feed Feed line Low-noise block downconverter Passive radiator Receiver Rotator Stub Transmitter Tuner Twin-lead
Systems Antenna farm Amateur radio Cellular network Hotspot Municipal wireless network Radio Radio masts and towers Wi-Fi Wireless
Safety and regulation Wireless device radiation and health Wireless electronic devices and health International Telecommunication Union (Radio Regulations) World Radiocommunication Conference
Radiation sources / regions Boresight Focal cloud Ground plane Main lobe Near and far field Side lobe Vertical plane
Characteristics Array gain Directivity Efficiency Electrical length Equivalent radius Factor Friis transmission equation Gain Height Radiation pattern Radiation resistance Radio propagation Radio spectrum Signal-to-noise ratio Spurious emission
Techniques Beam steering Beam tilt Beamforming Small cell Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST) Massive Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Reconfiguration Spread spectrum Wideband Space Division Multiple Access (WSDMA)
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Bell Laboratories Layer Space-Time (BLAST) is a transceiver architecture for offering spatial multiplexing over multiple-antenna wireless communication systems. Such systems have multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver in an effort to exploit the many different paths between the two in a highly-scattering wireless environment. BLAST was developed by Gerard Foschini at Lucent Technologies' Bell Laboratories (now Nokia Bell Labs). By careful allocation of the data to be transmitted to the transmitting antennas, multiple data streams can be transmitted simultaneously within a single frequency band — the data capacity of the system then grows directly in line with the number of antennas (subject to certain assumptions). This represents a significant advance on current, single-antenna systems.^[1]

V-BLAST (Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) is a detection algorithm to the receipt of multi-antenna MIMO systems.^[2] Available for the first time in 1996 at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey in the United States by Gerard J. Foschini. He proceeded simply to eliminate interference caused successively issuers.

Its principle is quite simple: to make a first detection of the most powerful signal. It regenerates the received signal from this user from this decision. Then, the signal is regenerated subtracted from the received signal and, with this new signal, it proceeds to the detection of the second user's most powerful, since it has already cleared the first and so forth. What gives a vector containing received less interference.

The complete detection algorithm can be summarized as recursive as follows:

Initialize:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}i&\leftarrow 1\\r_{1}&=r\\G_{1}&=(H^{H}H+\sigma ^{2}I_{N_{t}})^{-1}H^{H}\\k_{1}&=\arg \min \left\|(G_{1})_{j}\right\|^{2}\\\end{aligned}}}$

Recursive:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}w_{k}&=(G_{i})_{ki}\\y_{k}&=w_{k}^{T}\times r_{i}\\{\hat {s}}_{k}&=sign(y_{k})\\r_{i+1}&=r_{i}-{\hat {s}}_{k}(H)_{ki}\\G_{i+1}&=((H_{i}^{H}H_{i})+\sigma ^{2}I_{Nt})^{-1}H_{i}^{H}\\k_{i+1}&=\arg \min \left\|(G_{i+1})_{j}\right\|^{2}\\i&\leftarrow i+1\end{aligned}}}$

• Space–time code — a means for using multiple antennas to improve reliability rather than data-rate.
• Telecommunication

• Jankiraman, Mohinder (2004). Space-time codes and MIMO systems. Artech House. ISBN 9781580538664.

• http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/BellLabs

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