Battle of the Bridge

For other uses, see Battle of the Bridge (disambiguation).
Battle of the Bridge
Battle of al-Jisr
Part of the Muslim conquest of Persia – Second invasion of Mesopotamia

The battle was joined on the banks of the Euphrates
Date25 October 634[1][disputed – discuss]
Location
Marauha at the Euphrates near Kufa, Iraq
Result Sasanian victory[1][2]
Belligerents
Rashidun Caliphate Sasanian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi †
Al-Hakam al-Thaqafi †[3]
Jabr ibn Abi Ubayd †[3]
Al-Muthanna (WIA)[4]		 Bahman Jadhuyih
Jalinus
Strength
6,000–10,000[5][6] 10,000[7]
Casualties and losses

6,000–7,000 killed

3,000 drowned or escaped[8]		 Unknown

The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jisr (Arabic: معركة الجسر; Persian: نبرد پل) was fought at the bank of the Euphrates river between Arab Muslims led by Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and the Persian Sasanian forces led by Bahman Jaduya. It is traditionally dated to the year 634, and was the only major Sasanian victory over the Rashidun Caliphate army.

Context

The Muslim forces had already taken Hira and assumed control of the surrounding Arab-inhabited areas of Mesopotamia, on the banks of the Euphrates.[9] The fall of Hira shocked the Persians, as the "youthful Yazdgard, began to take the business of the Arabs more seriously."[9] Yazdgard sent forces to the Arab border areas, and looked to be gaining the upper hand, as Al-Muthanna had to call for reinforcements from Medina.[9]

The new Caliph, Umar, sent Abu Ubaid to Mesopotamia to take command from Al-Muthanna. He encountered the main Persian force under Bahman Jaduya, near what is the present site of Kufa. The two forces faced each other on opposing banks of the Euphrates. As it was crossed by a bridge, the battle came to be known as the Battle of the Bridge.[9]

Battle

Bahman invited Abu Ubayd to decide who should cross the river.[6] The latter took the initiative, and crossed the river aggressively; this proved to be disastrous for his forces. According to accounts, the sight of the elephants in the Persian army frightened the Arabs' horses. A white elephant apparently tore Abu Ubaid from his horse with its trunk and trampled him underfoot during his misguided attempt to attack its trunk. The death of their commander and the inability of the Arab troops to push back the Persians who had formed a rigid line close to the bridge, led the Arabs to panic and flee.[9][6] After Abu Ubayd the command was taken by al-Hakam and Jabr, his brother and son, respectively, and eventually Al-Muthanna.[3] According to tradition, Al-Muthanna remained to fight so that the Arabs could repair the bridge and flee losing 4,000 men, although any accurate estimates of the figures involved in this and other contemporaneous battles are not known.[9] Around 3,000 Arab Muslims were carried away by the river.[10]

Sources agree that for whatever reason, Bahman Jaduya did not pursue the fleeing Arab army.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b electricpulp.com. "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-19. Ambushing Abū ʿObayd from the opposite bank of the Euphrates, the Persians inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Muslim forces at the Battle of the Bridge in Šaʿbān, 13/October, 634.
  2. ^ Brown, Daniel W. (2011-08-24). A New Introduction to Islam. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107. ISBN 9781444357721.
  3. ^ a b c Al Biladuri 2011, p. 404.
  4. ^ al-Tabari 1993, p. 193.
  5. ^ al-Tabari 1993, p. 188.
  6. ^ a b c Nafziger & Walton 2003, p. 22.
  7. ^ Ancient Persia page 360
  8. ^ Ancient Persia page 360 & 361
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Frye 1975, p. 8-9.
  10. ^ Crawford 2013, p. 134.

Sources

  • Pirnia, Hassan (2020). Ancient Persia. Parse.
  • Al Biladuri, Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir (2011). The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic. Translated by Hitti, Philip Khuri. Cosimo Classics.
  • al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Yarir (1993). he History of al-Tabari Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635. Translated by Blankinship, Khalid Yahya. State University of New York Press.
  • Crawford, Peter (2013). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen & Sword.
  • Frye, Richard Nelson (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). Islam at War: A History. Praeger.
  • Pourshariati, Parvenah (2011). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. I.B.Taurus & Co.Ltd.