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Battle of Tornavento
	Part of Franco-Spanish War (1635)
	; The battle of Tornavento in a seventeenth-century graphic representation
Date	22 June 1636
Location	Tornavento, near Oleggio and Lonate Pozzolo; (present-day Italy)
Result	Indecisive, both sides claimed victory, Franco-Savoyard tactical victory, Spanish strategic victory
Belligerents
France; Savoy	Spain
Commanders and leaders
Charles de Créquy; Victor Amadeus I	Marqués de Leganés
Strength
16,700 6,000 infantry; 1,200 cavalry; 8,000 infantry; 1,500 cavalry;	14,500 10,000 infantry; 4,500 cavalry;
Casualties and losses
1,200+ killed; 1,000 wounded	1,300 killed; 1,000 wounded

The Battle of Tornavento was fought in Northwest Italy on June 22, 1636 during the Thirty Years' War.

Prelude

In 1636, Cardinal Richelieu had persuaded the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus I, to launch an offensive on the Spanish Duchy of Milan. A French army crossed the Ticino river between Oleggio and Lonate Pozzolo, but was checked by a larger Spanish army, and dug in to await their Savoyard allies.

Battle

On June 22 the Spanish attacked, but were held back after the arrival of the army of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy. Fighting in the summer heat was savage and bloody, in a heathland described by Spanish officers as "sin àrbol, y con falta de agua" ("treeless, and lacking water").^[6] The fighting started at 8:00 a.m. The Spanish made several attacks on the Franco-Savoyard line, which was fortified on a slope. Both sides dug trenches and threw up earthworks, with fighting often devolving into scattered local exchanges of gunfire punctuated by intense bouts of melee combat. By the evening, the Spanish had been repulsed and the Franco-Savoyards retook all positions, leading to the dug-in sides exchanging gunfire for prolonged periods to little effect. Infrequent fighting continued after sundown. There were high casualties on both sides until Leganés, seeing little chance of dislodging a numerically inferior and entrenched enemy, decided to preserve his army by withdrawing under the cover of darkness. In order to ensure he was not pursued while vulnerable, Leganés had soldiers align hundreds of pikes in the ground behind their own entrenchments to give the impression that they were held in force, and then set hundreds of muskets^{[citation needed]} alongside them, with their lit wicks glowing in the darkness. He also instructed a detachment of dragoons be left behind as the rearguard to prowl along the enemy line and fire all night long into the darkness. The retreat was a success, and the Spanish withdrew without the loss of any baggage or cannons. Victor Amadeus and Créquy, characterizing their armies as exhausted and considering it "miraculous" that they had managed to repel the Spanish assaults, chose not to press another attack.^[7]

The Spanish abandoned the battlefield and retired to Boffalora. The Franco-Savoyard army remained some days near Tornavento, sacking nearby towns and damaging a canal, but decided to conduct a withdrawal from Milanese territory. Little had been achieved with this battle and the invasion of Lombardy turned out to be a complete failure.

The battle lasted about 14 hours in total. At that time the Franco-Savoyard army was composed of two-thirds musketeers and arquebusiers, and expended 30,000 pounds of gunpowder, firing some 675,000 bullets.^[8]

Reenactment

Every year in the hamlet of Tornavento a colourful and spectacular reenactment of the battle is held by volunteers, clothed and armed with uniforms and weapons in use at that time, from pike to musket and cannon.^[9]

References

Citations

^ Hanlon 2016, p. 83.
^ Hanlon 2016, p. 95.
^ Hanlon 2016, p. 85.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hanlon 2016, p. 136.
^ Hanlon 2016, p. 137.
^ "Tornavento, 22 giugno 1636: strage in riva al Ticino" (in Italian). Varesenews. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
^ Hanlon, Gregory (2015). Italy 1636: Cemetery of Armies, pp. 131–135. Routledge.
^ Hanlon, pp. 135–136.
^ "XXVI Rievocazione Storica della Battaglia di Tornavento". Parco Ticino (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-10-21.

Bibliography

Hanlon, Gregory (2016). Italy 1636: Cemetery of Armies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873824-4.
Hanlon, Gregory (2018). Italia 1636: Sepolcro degli eserciti'". LEG Edizioni.
Thion, Stéphane (2008). French Armies of the Thirty years War. Lrt Publishing. ISBN 2-917747-01-3
Cristini, Luca; Giuseppe Pogliani (2015). La battaglia di Tornavento e la guerra dei 30 anni in Italia. Zanica (Bergamo), Soldiershop. ISBN 9788896519486.