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Bandua was a theonym used to refer to a god or goddess worshipped in Iberia by Gallaeci and Lusitanians. Whether the name referred to a discrete deity or was an epithet applied to different deities is arguable.

Epigraphy

The deity's name is found, in epigraphy, with a series of epithets:^[1]

Bandei Brialeacui (Beira Baixa);^[2]
Bandi Oilienaeco (Beira Alta);^[2]
Bandi [L?]ongobricus (Longroiva);^[3]
Bandua(e) Lansbricae (Orense);^[3]
Bandi Roudaecus (Trujillo);^[3]
Bandua Roudeaco (Madroñera);^[3]
Deo Ban[du] (Catoira, Pontevedra);^[4]
Bandue Ae[t]obrigo (Sarreaus, Ourense);^[4]
Bandue Bolecco (Palas de Rei, Lugo);^[4]
Bandue Veigebreago (Xinzo de Limia, Ourense);^[4]
Bandue (Ve/Ni)rubrico (Laza, Ourense).^[4]

In Rairiz de Veiga, Bandua is acknowledged as a god of the Vexillum and partner of Mars:

DEO VEXILOR[UM] MARTIS SOCIO BANDUAE^[5]^[6]

At Espinhosela, the name Bandua alone is found. At Codosedo, Alenquer and Xinzo de Limia however, the name Bandua is qualified by the epithet Aetobrico(m). At Cáceres, Bandua is qualified by Araugelensis, at Curbián by Bolleco(m), at Miguel o Anjo by Brico(m), at Mixo(m) by Calaigus, at La Mezquitilla by Itobrico(m), at Eiras by Lanobrica, at Rairiz de Veiga by Veigebreaeco(m), at Arcuelos by Verubrigo(m), at Seisco de Anciães by Vordeaeco(m) and at S. Martinho by Vorteaecio(m).^[1]

Extent of worship

The theonym Bandua has been found recorded in Portugal and Galicia. Along with Cosus, Nabia and Reo, Bandua is one of the best documented deities in large areas of western and north-western Iberia: six epigraphies from the Province of Ourense.^[7]

It has been proposed that the worship of Bandua spread from the north (Gallaecia and Asturia) into the south (Lusitania), along with that of Cosus and Nabia,^[8]^[9] so contrasting with the worship of Reo that would have extended in the opposite direction.

According to scholars Jürgen Untermann and Blanca María Prósper, the form Bandue, and the form Bandua or Banduae, predominate in the Galician territory north of the Douro River, while the Bandi ~ Bande form is more common in the Lusitanian area to the south.^[10]^[11]

Professor Olivares Pedreño argues that, in relation to the attestation of epithets Roudeaco/Roudaecus, the name pertains to a place named uicus Rouda, and their discovery in different locations suggests a migration or population displacement.^[12]

Interpretations

Possible water deity

Bandua has been associated with water^[13] in order to explain the hydronym Banduje, in Portugal, or the toponym Banhos de Bande (a thermal spot whose medieval name, Vanate, is unrelated)^[14] and the proposed^[13] relationship of the name with fords.

Polish linguist Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak also sees some possible cognate relationship between Lusitanian Bandua and Illyrian god Bindus, a deity of water sources also equated to Roman Neptune.^[15]

Possible protective deity

Their epithets seem to allude more to dwelling places, at least those containing the element -briga or -bris, "fortress": Lanobrigae, Aetobrigo, than to the worshipping communities themselves.^[16]^[17]^[18] In the same vein, Olivares Pedreño, while calling Bandua a male deity, noted that their name is attested with place names (e.g., Etobrico, Brialeacui, Isibraiegui, Longobricu, Veigebreaego, Lansbricae), which seems to indicate its relation to ancient vici and castelle - locations distant from romanized population centers.^[19] In a later article by Olivares Pedreño, this association seems to highlight their connection with local indigenous communities, as their protector.^[20]

Divine pair

The "location theory" has been criticized by de Bernardo Stempel,^[21] who interprets what have traditionally been considered singular thematic datives of male attributes as plural genitive forms referring to groups of people (B'andue Aetobrico(m), Cadogo(m), Roudeaeco(m), Veigebreaego(m)). She also states that they depend on a theonym, Bandua, which would be feminine as a consequence of the above, and which was probably created later than its masculine counterpart. Thus, we would have a pair of deities, Bandus (male) and Bandua (female), comparable to other Celtic pairs like Bormanos & Bormana, Belisama & Belisamaros, Camulos & Camuloriga and Arentius & Arentia.

Other interpretations

In a 2000 article, María Prósper offered another etymology: a reconstructed stem *bandu- would account for variations Bandue, Bandi and Bandei, ultimately deriving from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-tu-. Thus, she argued, they are a deity of passageways, akin to Roman Ianus.^[22]

Legacy

Researcher Ladislao Castro Pérez proposed that St. Torquatus, one of the Seven Apostolic Men responsible for the introduction of Christianity to Hispania, whose relics are kept in Santa Comba de Bande (Ourense), may be a Christian version of Bandua.^[23]

References

^ ^a ^b Inventaire des divnités celtiques de l’Antiquité, L’Arbre Celtique
^ ^a ^b Anderson, James M. (1985). "Preroman indo-european languages of the hispanic peninsula". Revue des Études Anciennes. 87 (3–4): 321. doi:10.3406/rea.1985.4212..
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (2003). "Reflexiones sobre las ofrendas votivas a dioses indígenas en Hispania: ámbitos de culto y movimiento de población". Veleia. 20: 302. doi:10.1387/veleia.5399..
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e González Rodríguez, María Cruz (2021). "Nombres de divinidades locales en el noroeste español: revisitando a Mª Lourdes Albertos". Veleia. 38: 187–189. doi:10.1387/veleia.22048. hdl:10810/52405..
^ Eduardo Peralta Labrador (2003). Los cántabros antes de Roma. Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 9788489512597.
^ CIL II, *00215.
^ Nicols, John (1987). "Indigenous Culture and the Process of Romanization in Iberian Galicia". The American Journal of Philology. 108 (1): 147. doi:10.2307/294918..
^ Prósper, Blanca María (2002). Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica (1. ed.). Salamanca: Ed. Univ. de Salamanca. pp. 440–441. ISBN 8478008187.
^ Prósper, Blanca M. (2000:440-441). ‘Ein Beitrag zur Vergöttlichung der Flüsse in der Antike: Arentia, Arantia. Beiträge zur Namenforschung.’ Neue Folge 35: 41-65. 2002 Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del Occidente de la Península Ibérica. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
^ Untermann, Jürgen, n.d. ‘Los teónimos del noroeste peninsular y la gramática de las lenguas indígenas de esta región.’ In II Colóquio Internacional de Epigrafia: Divinidades indigenas e interpretatio romana, Sintra, 16-18 março de 1995.
^ Prósper, Blanca María (2000). "La divinidad galaico-lusitana BANDVE/BANDI y los dioses del pasaje del indoeuropeo occidental". AION: Annali del Istituto Orientale di Napoli. 20: 266..
^ Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (2003). "Reflexiones sobre las ofrendas votivas a dioses indígenas en Hispania: ámbitos de culto y movimiento de población". Veleia. 20: 302, 306, 309. doi:10.1387/veleia.5399..
^ ^a ^b Prósper, Blanca M. (2000:272). ‘Ein Beitrag zur Vergöttlichung der Flüsse in der Antike: Arentia, Arantia. Beiträge zur Namenforschung.’ Neue Folge 35: 41-65. 2002. Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del Occidente de la Península Ibérica. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
^ Veiga Arias, Amable (1983). Algunas calas en los orígenes del gallego. Vigo: Galaxia. p. 262. ISBN 9788471544230.
^ Witczak, K. T. (2006). "Two Phonological Curiosities of the Thracian Language". In: Linguistique Balkanique 45(3), p. 491.
^ Pedrero Sancho, Rosa (1999). ‘Aproximación lingüística al teónimo lusitano-gallego Bandue/Bandi.’ In: Francisco Villar and F. Beltrán (eds), Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras de la Hispania prerromana, pp. 535-543. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
^ Pedrero Sancho, Rosa (2001). ‘Los epítetos del teónimo lusitano-gallego Bandue/Bandi.’ In Francisco Villar and M.P. Fernández Álvarez (eds), Actas del VII Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas, pp. 541-560. Zaragoza-Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
^ de Hoz Bravo, Javier, and F. Fernández Palacios (2002). ‘Band-’ In Luis Raposo (ed.), Religiôes da Lusitânia. Loquuntur saxa, pp. 45-52. Lisboa: Museu Nacional de Arqueología.
^ Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (1999). "Dioses indígenas Vinculados a Núcleos De población En La Hispania Romana". Espacio Tiempo Y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua (12 (enero)): 327–330, 334, 343. doi:10.5944/etfii.12.1999.4360. hdl:10045/131609..
^ Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (11 November 2005). "Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula". E-Keltoi. 6. Guimarães, Portugal: E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: 636, 638. ISSN 1540-4889.
^ Bernardo Stempel, Patricia de (2003). ‘Los formularios teonímicos, Bandus con su pareja Bandua y unas isoglosas célticas.’ Conimbriga 42: 197-212.
^ Prósper, Blanca María (2000). "La divinidad galaico-lusitana BANDVE/BANDI y los dioses del pasaje del indoeuropeo occidental". AION: Annali del Istituto Orientale di Napoli. 20: 270–275..
^ Castro Pérez, Ladislao (1992). Los torques de los dioses y de los hombres. A Coruña: Ayuntamiento de La Coruña.^{[page needed]}