Bakr Awa

Bakr Awa
Bakr Awa is located in Iraq
Bakr Awa
Shown within Iraq
LocationIraq
RegionSulaymaniyah Governorate
Coordinates35°13′14.002″N 45°56′26.002″E / 35.22055611°N 45.94055611°E / 35.22055611; 45.94055611
Typetell
Site notes
Excavation dates1927, 1960-1961, 2009-2017
ArchaeologistsEphraim Avigdor Speiser, Peter A. Miglus,

Bakr Awa is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. It is located near Halabja in the Shahrizor Plain in Iraqi Kurdistan. It is in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains not far from the headwaters of the Diyala River. The site is 40 meters high and consists of a central settlement mound (277 meters by 216 meters) surrounded by a lower city measuring 800 by 600 metres (2,600 ft × 2,000 ft).[1] Other sites in the area include Tell Kunara, Tell Bazmusian, and Tell Shemshara.

Archaeology

September 18, 2014. The ancient mound of Bakr Awa, Shahrizor Plain, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq

Bakr Awa was first described by James Felix Jones in 1844.[2] The site was then investigated in 1927 by Ephraim Speiser as part of a more general study of the area.[3] Speiser proposed identifying the site as Atlila, which was subsequently renamed to Dur-Assur.[4][5]

Subsequent excavations took place in 1960 and 1961 by archaeologists from the Iraqi Directorate-General of Antiquities. The excavators mentioned that they expanded a trench dug by George Martin Lees 40 years before. [6][7] In 2009 the site was surveyed. New excavations were started in 2010, by which time the site had been subject to heavy looting, and continued until at least 2017.[8][9] The survey and the 2010-2017 excavations were undertaken by a team from the University of Heidelberg led by Peter A. Miglus.[1]

A fragment of a clay tablet with a cuneiform inscription, unearthed September 2014 at Bakr Awa, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

During the Iraqi excavations 24 cuneiform tablets and tablet fragments were found. In 2013-14 Belgian excavators found 17 more cuneiform tablets. None of the epigraphic finds were in situ, rather being found in the spoil of Islamic period construction. They are possibly all from the same archive and have been tentatively dated by palaeography and C14 dating to the 15th century BC. Texts include "administrative documents, sealed clay bullae, a list of witnesses - probably part of a legal document -, a letter, a hemerology, extispicy omens and prayers, as well as a fragment of the so-called Weidner God-list". A few of the tablet fragments contain text written in the Hurrian language. With one exception it appears that none of the tablets have yet been published.[10]

[11]

Graves from the Islamic period, the Iron Age, the Middle/Late Bronze Age, and Akkadian Period have been found at the site.[12] DNA analysis has been done on 18 Bronze and Iron Age samples.[13]

History

Though no settlement remains were excavated, late 4th millennium BC Uruk period pottery shards were found.[14]

Excavators defined seventeen citadel occupation levels:[8]

  • Levels I-VII - Islamic (modern)
  • Levels VIII-X - Hurrian (middle to late 2nd millennium BC)
  • Levels XI-XV - Old Babylonian and Isin-Larsa (1st half 2nd millennium BC)
  • Levels XVI-XVIII - Ur III and Akkadian (late 3rd millennium BC)

For the Lower Town the stratigraphy was different:[8]

  • Level I-II - Islamic
  • Level III - circa 800 BC
  • Levels IV-VIII - 2nd millennium BC

On the eastern area of the tell a large 30 meter by 22 meter mudbrick building with a 11 meter by 10.5 meter pebbled courtyard dating to the c. 2000 BC (Middle Bronze Age) was initially uncovered by Iraqi excavators and termed a temple. Excavation to lower levels during the Belgian excavations led to the building being reclassified to a residential structure. In particular a feature original thought to be an altar was recognized as a domestic shrine, typical for the period.[15]

Iron Age

Iron Age occupation at Bakr Awa dates to the Neo-Assyrian period, from the 9th to 7th century BC when it was part of the Assyrian province Zamua, and the Achaemenid Empire. A Sassanian occupation at Bakr Awa is likely, but hasn't been proven beyond doubt. Islamic period occupation ranges from the Abbasid period into the Ottoman period. The site continues to be occupied today.[1]

Economy

In the Early Dynastic period, the economy was nomadic and based on sheep and goat (74.1%), mainly killed for meat. There were also remains of cattle and more rarely equids.[16]

In the Akkadian period, the economy shifted from nomadic to more sedentary and pastoral, introducing new elements as pig and poultry breeding as well as wild animal hunting.[16]

Recent changes

The mound and its surrounding areas were lastly excavated in 2017. A recent visit to the site revealed innumerable pits; the telltale "pockmarks" at a looted site which algorithms can recognize and flag as suspicious.[17]

  • November 4, 2022. A trench from past excavations. The trench is surrounded by numerous looters' pits
    November 4, 2022. A trench from past excavations. The trench is surrounded by numerous looters' pits
  • November 4, 2022, Bakr Awa mound. An area before the tell pockmarked with looters' pits
    November 4, 2022, Bakr Awa mound. An area before the tell pockmarked with looters' pits
  • November 4, 2022. An area before the tell shows numerous pits.
    November 4, 2022. An area before the tell shows numerous pits.
  • November 4, 2022. The top surface of the tell
    November 4, 2022. The top surface of the tell
  • November 4, 2022. An area before the tell
    November 4, 2022. An area before the tell
  • September 18, 2014. Excavations at Bakr Awa
    September 18, 2014. Excavations at Bakr Awa
  • A 1st-millennium BCE, probably Neo-Assyrian, grave at Bakr Awa
    A 1st-millennium BCE, probably Neo-Assyrian, grave at Bakr Awa
  • Fragments of pottery unearthed at Bakr Awa
    Fragments of pottery unearthed at Bakr Awa
  • November 4, 2022. An area before the tell shows the remains of the 2010-2014 excavations
    November 4, 2022. An area before the tell shows the remains of the 2010-2014 excavations

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bakr Awa.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Bakr Awa". www.assur.de. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
  2. ^ [1]Jones J. Felix, "Memoirs by Commander James Felix Jones", Bombay: Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, New Series, 1857
  3. ^ [2]Speiser, E. A., "Southern Kurdistan in the Annals of Ashurnasirpal and Today", Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 8, pp. 1–41, 1926-1927
  4. ^ [3] Rafał A. Fetner, "Human remains from Bakr Awa, Iraqi Kurdistan,2014", Bioarchaeology of the Near East, vol. 9, pp. 55–59, 2015
  5. ^ Altaweel, M. et al, "New investigations in the environment, history and archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project, 2009–2011", Iraq 74, 1–35, 2012
  6. ^ Muhammad Baqir al-Husaini, "The Excavations at Tel Bakr-Awa", Sumer, vol. 18, no. 1-2, pp. 141-164, 1962 (arabic)
  7. ^ Madhloom, T., "The Excavations at Tell Bakr-Awa", Sumer 21, pp. 75-88, 1965 (in Arabic)
  8. ^ a b c Peter A. Miglus et al., "Excavation at Bakr Awa 2010 and 2011", Iraq, vol. 75, pp. 43-88, 2013
  9. ^ Fetner, Rafał A., and Joanna Szymczak, "Human remains from Bakr Awa, Iraqi Kurdistan, 2017", Bioarchaeology of the Near East 11, pp. 63-69, 2017
  10. ^ Cuneiform tablets from Bakr Awa - Institut für die Kulturen des Alten Orients - University of Tubingen
  11. ^ Matouš, L., "L’almanach de Bakr-Awa.", Sumer, vol. 17, pp. 17–66, 1961 (french)
  12. ^ [4]Rafał A. Fetner, "Bakr Awa (Iraq), seasons 2010–2011", American Journal of Archaeology 110.4, pp. 603-641, 2012
  13. ^ Williams, Matthew Peter, "Exploring the Genetic History of the Ancient Near East through the Bronze and Iron Ages", Dissertation, University of Adelaide, 2021
  14. ^ Al-Soof, Bahnam Abu, "Uruk Pottery. Origins and Distribution", 1985
  15. ^ [5]Peter A. Miglus, "Private house or Temple? Decoding Patterns of the Old Babylonian Architecture", in Miriam Müller ed Household Studies in Complex Societies: (Micro) Archaeological and Textual Approaches, Oriental Institute Seminars 10, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, pp. 229-242, 2015 ISBN 978-1-61491-023-7
  16. ^ a b [6]Piątkowska-Małecka, Joanna, "Different types of animal economy at Bakr Awa, Iraq, in the Bronze Age", Bioarchaeology of the Near East 9, pp. 1-19, 2015
  17. ^ "Bakr Awa, satellite images". Google Earth. Retrieved 17 November 2022.

Further reading

  • Ulrike Bürger, "Cultural Encounters and Local Traditions. A Discussion of the Middle Bronze Age Evidence at Bakr Awa", in: J. Eidem (ed.), Zagros Studies. Proceedings of the NINO Jubilee Conference and Other Research on the Zagros Region, PIHANS 130,Leuven, pp. 67–92, 2020
  • [7]Fetner, Rafał A., "Human remains from Bakr Awa, Iraq, 2013", Bioarchaeology of the Near East 8, pp. 119-123, 2014
  • Fetner, R. A., "The Results of Anthropological Research of Human Remains from the Old Babylonian Tomb from Bakr Awa, Iraq", Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 30, 2014
  • Miglus, Peter A., "Ausgrabung in Bakr Āwa 2010", Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie. ZOrA, vol. 4, pp. 136-176, 2011
  • Miglus, Peter (2016). "About Bakr Awa". The archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and adjacent regions. K. Kopanias, John MacGinnis, Archaeopress. Oxford. pp. 229–239. ISBN 978-1-78491-394-6. OCLC 976020982.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Miszkiewicz, Justyna J., and Rafa Fetner, "Human femur microstructure changes with chronology at Bakr Awa, Iraqi Kurdistan", American Journal of Biological Anthropology 177, pp. 126-126, 2022