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Bai Yanhu (Chinese: 白彥虎, Dungan: Биянхў; 1830–1882), also known as Mohammed Ayub (مُحَمَّد بَىْيًاحُو),^[1] was a Hui military commander and rebel from Shaanxi, China. He was known for leading a group of Hui people across the vast lands of northwestern China to Kyrgyzstan under Russian rule. The descendants of him and his followers live in still Central Asia to this day and are known as the Dungan people.^[2]

Life

Bai Yanhu was a commander of a battalion of Hui Muslim forces from Shaanxi during the Dungan Revolt. After being pushed out of Shaanxi by Qing forces under the command of Zuo Zongtang, he fled to the Jahriyya stronghold of Jinjipu (near modern-day Wuzhong, Ningxia).^[3] After the surrender of Jinjipu, Bai and his followers fled to Hezhou (today's Linxia). After the surrender of Hezhou, he fled to Xining. In 1873, Bai decided to leave Xining and flee to Xinjiang. The exact number of his followers at this time is unknown but it was likely several thousand, and some sources claim that it was between thirteen and thirty-five thousand.^[3] After entering Xinjiang, troops led by Bai managed to take control of Hami, but they abandoned the city shortly thereafter, fleeing from the approaching Qing army. In late 1873, they entered territory controlled by Yaqub Beg. Bai agreed to submit to Yaqub Beg and his followers were permitted to live in the area around Urumqi and Manas.^[3] When Zuo Zongtang's forces advanced into Xinjiang, Bai was placed in charge of defending Urumqi. In August of 1876, When Zuo's army approached the city, Bai fled, and Urumqi fell to the Qing. Some sources record that around this time, Zuo's army requested that Yaqub Beg hand Bai Yanhu over to them. This request received no response from Yaqub Beg.^[3]

Fight from Kashgaria and legacy

After the fall of Urumqi, Bai fled from city to city in Xinjiang, until he eventually fled to Russian territory with several thousand of his followers. They settled in the Chu Valley, in what is now Kyrgyzstan. Zuo attempted to convince Russia to extradite Bai Yanhu, but Russia refused, as it wanted to benefit from letting it's frontier be populated by a community that was fiercely hostile to the Qing.^[4] Bai lived in Russian territory until his death several years later.^[5]

Bai Yanhu's tribe's first settlement was located 8 kilometres from Tokmak. Bianhu named the colony "Yingpan"(Literally "Camp"). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yingpan lies within the border of Kazakhstan. Today, the town is known as Masanchi (Karakunuz),^[6] named after the Dungan Communist revolutionary Magaza Masanchi.^[7]

The Dungan poet Ia. Shivaza claimed in 1985 that Bai died in Masanchi, and a wooden dummy was buried in his grave. The Dungans then took his body to Bishkek where they buried him in the yard of his son's house at Dzerzhinsky Avenue (today called Erkindik Boulevard/Бульвар Эркиндик).^[8]

References

^ Tikhvinskiy, Sergey Leonidovich (1983). Modern History of China. Progress Publishers. pp. 251, 253.
^ Lipman, Jonathan (1997). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 129. ISBN 0295976446.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kim, Ho-dong (2004). Holy war in China : the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 1-4175-1946-0. OCLC 55848600.
^ Brophy, David John (2016). Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier. Harvard University Press. p. 65.
^ Brophy, David John. Uyghur nation : reform and revolution on the Russia-China frontier. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-674-97044-1. OCLC 945552983.
^ "Mindat.org". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
^ "抵达TOKMOK——托克马克". Hua Shang Daily. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ Dyer, Svetlana Rlmsky-Korsakoff (1990-01-01). "The Soviet Dungans, the Muslims from China: Their Past, Present, and Future". Monumenta Serica. 39 (1): 305.