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Baghdad Khatun
Baghdad Khatun
Empress consort of the Ilkhanate
Tenure	c. 1327 – c. 1333
Died	16 December 1335; Ilkhanate
Spouse	Hasan Buzurg; Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
House	Chupanid (by birth); Jalayirid (by marriage); Borjigin (by marriage)
Father	Chupan
Religion	Islam

Baghdad Khatun (Persian: بغداد خاتون; died 16 December 1335) (lit. Queen Baghdad), was a Chobanid princess, the daughter of Chupan. She was the empress consort of the Ilkhanate as the wife of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan.

Family

Baghdad Khatun was the daughter of Emir Chupan, who was the leading Mongol amir of the Ilkhanid period.^[1] She had four full brothers Hasan, Demasq Kaja, Timurtash and Shaikh Mahmoud.^[2]

Marriages

Hasan Buzurg

In 1323, Baghdad Khatun married Amir Shaikh Hasan Buzurg, the son of Amir Husayn Kurkan, the son of Amir Aq Buqa Jalayir.^[3] In 1325 Abu Sa'id, aged twenty, fell in love with Baghdad and wanted to marry her, although she was married to Shaikh Hasan.^[4] He requested her hand from her father Chupan through intermediaries. At that time it was understood that according to the Genggisid law any woman sought by the Khan was to be given a divorce by her husband and sent to the emperor's harem.^[5]

On the other hand, Chupan did not obey Abu Sa'id's order in the case of his own daughter.^[6] In fact, Chupan did not refuse his order openly, but he put him off. He sent his daughter and son-in-law to Qarabagh and Abu Sa'id to Baghdad for the winter. But after the winter, Chupan did not give any answer to Abu Sa'id and in order to relive the situation, he realized that the best course of action was for him to absent himself from the emperor's court for a few days. When he went, he took along the vizier Giyath al-Mulk and other emirs, which provoked the Sultan against him.^[7]

When Chupan left for Khurasan, the rival emirs instigated Abu Sa'id against Chupan's son Dimasq Kaja, and had him executed in 1327.^[8] After the execution of his son, Chupan spoke reproachfully about Abu Sa'id, and in a combat with his soldiers he was killed.^[9]

Abu Sa'id

After Chupan, there was no hindrance for Abu Sa‘id to marry Baghdad.^[10] This time, he sent Qazi to ask Baghdad from her husband Hasan. Bagdad was divorced and married by Abu Sa'id. After her marriage, Baghdad began to take an active part in all administrative and fiscal affairs. Abu Said gave her very rich yarlighs, which means that, besides her political power, she had also very rich economic resources. She became very effective in political matters with vizier Giyath al-Din Mahmud Rashidi. She took revenge of her father and her brother. By using this opportunity she executed enemies of her father and her brothers.^[11] Abu Sa'id's mother, Hajji Khatun regarded Baghdad as a rival to her influence over Abu Sa'id.^[12]

She received the title Khodawandigar (Great lord). Using her power, Baghdad Khatun prevented the marriage of Chupan's widow Korducin Khatun to Malik Ghiyath ud-Din of Herat, who had murdered her father in 1327. She had also managed to gain respectful treatment of her stepmother Sati Beg Khatun and Sati's son Surgan.^[2]

In 1331-32, it was said that Baghdad Khatun and her former husband Shaikh Hasan met secretly, and even made a plan to kill Abu Sa'id. One year later, it was understood that this was only gossip, but this event curbed their power and he was appointed as governor of Anatolia. During this time, Abu Sa'id fell in love with Dilshad Khatun, Baghdad's niece, the daughter of Dimasq Kaja and granddaughter of Chupan.^[13] He divorced Baghdad and married her in 1333.^[14] Baghdad lost her power and authority to a great extent. At the end of life, he was not happy with his wives, but loved Dilshad very much.^[15] Therefore, Baghdad became very jealous.^[16]

Death

After Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, Arpa Ke'un was crowned on the Ilkhanid realm but Baghdad did not obey him and he executed her on the pretext of her secret alliance with the enemy Öz Beg Khan and poisoning of Abu Sa'id. She was beaten to death by Khwaja Lulu, a Greek slave, in the bath on 16 December 1335.^[17]^[2]^[18]

References

^ Hasan, Masudul (1976). Daughters of Islam: Being Short Biographical Sketches of 82 Damous Mulim Women. Hazrat Data Ganj Baksh Academy. p. 102.
^ ^a ^b ^c Charles, Melville; Zaryab, Abbas. "CHOBANIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 183.
^ Lane, George (2006). Daily life in the Mongol Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-313-33226-5.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 183-4.
^ Akbar Shāh K̲h̲ān Najībābādī (2001). History of Islam (Vol 3). Darussalam. p. 319. ISBN 978-9-960-89293-1.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 192.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 192-3.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 193-4.
^ Iqbal. 1955. p. 63.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 195-6.
^ Hope, Michael (2016). Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran. Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-198-76859-3.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 196-7.
^ Ghiyās̲ al-Dīn ibn Humām al-Dīn Khvānd Mīr (1994). Habibü's-siyer: Moğol ve Türk hâkimiyeti. Harvard University. p. 125.
^ Dalkesen 2007, p. 196.
^ Limbert, John W. (October 1, 2011). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City. University of Washington Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-295-80288-6.
^ Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (December 7, 2010). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). BRILL. p. 216. ISBN 978-9-004-18635-4.
^ Papers on Inner Asia - Issue 30. Indiana University. 1999. p. 45.