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Ordnance BL 10-pounder mountain gun
Ordnance BL 10-pounder mountain gun
	Indian Army 10 pounder mountain gun and crew, Gallipoli, 1915
Type	Mountain gun
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1901–1918
Used by	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; British Raj
Wars	World War I
Production history
Manufacturer	Woolwich Arsenal, Elswick Ordnance Company (UK)
Variants	MK I
Specifications
Mass	Breech: 207 lb (93.9 kg); Barrel: 197 lb (89.36 kg); Total: 874 lb (396.4 kg)
Barrel length	Bore: 72.4 in (1.8 m); Total: 76.4 in (1.9 m)
Shell	Shrapnel, Common shell 10 pounds (4.54 kg)
Calibre	2.75 inches (69.8 mm)
Action	Breech Loading with separate shell and charge
Recoil	None
Carriage	Wheeled, box trail
Elevation	-15° – 25°
Traverse	0°
Muzzle velocity	1,289 ft/s (393 m/s)
Effective firing range	3,700 yards (3,383 m) (Time Fuze); 6,000 yards (5,486 m) (Percussion fuze)

The Ordnance BL 10 pounder mountain gun ^[3] was developed as a BL successor to the RML 2.5 inch screw gun which was outclassed in the Second Boer War.

History

This breech-loading gun was an improvement on the 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) muzzle-loading screw gun but still lacked any recoil absorber or recuperator mechanism. It could be dismantled into 4 loads of approximately 200 pounds (90.7 kg) for transport, typically by mule.

It was originally manufactured without a Gun shield, but these were made and fitted locally during World War I, at Nairobi in 1914 for the East Africa campaign, and at Suez in 1915 for the Gallipoli campaign.^[4]

It was eventually replaced by the BL 2.75 inch Mountain Gun from 1914 onwards but was still the main mountain gun in service when World War I began.

Combat service

British mountain guns were operated by men of the Royal Garrison Artillery.

World War I

Guns of the 26th Mountain Battery of the Indian Army were the first British Empire artillery to open fire in the Middle East in World War I, on 26 January 1915, Qantara (Kantara), against the Turkish advance towards the Suez Canal.^[4]

The gun was used notably in the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915 by two Indian Army units, the 21st (Kohat) Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) and 26th (Jacobs) Mountain Battery of the 7th Indian Mountain Brigade with 6 guns each at Anzac, and by the Scottish Territorial Force unit, the 4th Highland (Mountain) Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery (Argyllshire and Ross & Cromarty Batteries with 4 guns each) at Helles and then Suvla. The 21st Battery was granted the title "Royal" in 1922 for its actions including Gallipoli, unique for an artillery battery.^[4]

Sgt Paterson, 4th Highland (Mountain) Brigade, circa. 1915.

There is some evidence that the Turkish defenders on Gallipoli were also using the 10 pounder, bought prewar from New Zealand, as the ANZACs discovered 10 pounder shell bodies fired at them made in India which were not from their own guns.^[5]^[6]

In the East Africa campaign, the following Indian batteries used the 10 pounder with distinction in constant action :-

27th Mountain Battery (6 guns), part of the Indian Expeditionary Force C, from 27 August 1914 to 2 January 1918.
28th Mountain Battery with 6 guns arrived with Indian Expeditionary Force B from 30 October 1914, returned to India December 1916. 28th Battery's first engagement occurred with the guns tied to the deck of HM Transport ship Bharata, firing in support of the unsuccessful British attempt to capture Tanga on 3 & 4 November 1914.^[7] Gunner Mehr Khan was awarded the Indian Distinguished Service Medal and Subadar-Major Nur Allam was awarded the Order of British India for their actions in 28th Battery defending Jasin on 18 January 1915.^[8]
1st Kashmir (4 guns) arrived 5 December 1916, returned to India 2 February 1918. Between them the 1st and 27th were awarded 2 Order Of British India, 1 Indian Distinguished Service Medal, 7 Meritorious Service Medals, 12 Mentioned in Despatches.^[9]
24th Hazara Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) served in East Africa from 26 April 1917, taking up the 6 guns left by 28th Battery.^[10] A typical extract from their War Diary reads : "Ndundwala 2nd July 1917... one section came into action and fired 87 rounds shrapnel at enemy holding river crossing place at range 750 yards. Forward observer reported three direct hits on his breastworks. Sniping continued" 19 August 1917 : "constructed an emplacement within 150 yards of enemy... tubes which were dated 1901 are very bad and several misfires occurred... during last 15 days fired 548 shrapnel, 35 common and 4 star shells at average range of 1,000 yards".^[11] They returned to India in November 1918.
22nd (Derajat) Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) arrived in the East Africa campaign on 18 December 1916, when they relieved the 28th Battery which returned to India.^[12] They appear to have initially used 10 pounders and re-equipped with 3.7 inches (94.0 mm) howitzers some time later, as Farndale reports they first used their 3.7 inches (94.0 mm) howitzers in action in the attack on German positions at Medo, 11 April 1918.^[13] They returned to India in November 1918.

The gun was also used in the Palestine campaign.

Surviving examples

A restored gun is on display at the Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich, London Archived 26 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 41
^ Common shell were "Special for India" (Treatise on Ammunition 1915, page 159). References will be found to Indian mountain batteries using common shell in World War I.
^ Britain typically designated smaller ordnance by the weight of its standard projectile rather than calibre. Hence this gun typically fired a projectile weighing approximately 10 pounds (4.5 kg).
^ ^a ^b ^c Farndale 1988
^ Major A. C. Fergusson 21 (Kohat) Mountain Battery, writing in 1916. Reprinted in "The Gallipolian" No.85 – Winter 1997
^ CEW Bean,"THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA IN THE WAR OF 1914–1918 Volume II" page 65. 11th Edition, published by Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1941
^ Farndale 1988, page 307-309
^ Farndale 1988, page 313-314
^ Farndale, page 351
^ Farndale 1988, page 344
^ Farndale 1988, page 345, 346
^ Farndale 1988, page 338
^ Farndale 1988, page 351