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The Australia Group is a multilateral export control regime (MECR) and an informal group of countries (now joined by the European Commission) established in 1985 (after the use of chemical weapons by Iraq in 1984) to help member countries to identify those exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.^[1]

The group, initially consisting of 15 members, held its first meeting in Brussels, Belgium, in June 1985.^[2] With the incorporation of India on 19 January 2018, it now has 43 members,^[3] including Australia, New Zealand, the European Commission, all 27 member states of the European Union, United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, India, Ukraine, and Argentina. The name comes from Australia's initiative to create the group. Australia manages the secretariat.

The initial members of the group had different assessments of which chemical precursors should be subject to export control. Later adherents initially had no such controls. Today, members of the group maintain export controls on a uniform list of 87^[4] compounds, including several that are not prohibited for export under the Chemical Weapons Convention, but can be used in the manufacture of chemical weapons.^[5] Additionally, the Australia Group expanded its standardization of licensing and export controls to cover technology related to the manufacturing of chemical weapons or controlled components.

In 2002, the group took two important steps to strengthen export control. The first was the "no-undercut" requirement, which stated that any member of the group considering making an export to another state that had already been denied an export by any other member of the group must first consult with that member state before approving the export. The second was the "catch-all" provision, which requires member states to halt all exports that could be used by importers in chemical or biological weapons programs, regardless of whether the export is on the group's control lists.^[6] Delegations representing the members meet every year in Paris, France.^[7]

Members

Sovereign states

Argentina (1993)
Australia (1985)
Austria (1989)
Belgium (1985)
Bulgaria (2001)
Canada (1985)
Croatia (2007)
Cyprus (2000)
Czech Republic (2004)
Denmark (1985)
Estonia (2004)
Finland (1991)
France (1985)
Germany (1985)
Greece (1985)
Hungary (1993)
Iceland (1993)
India (2018)
Ireland (1985)
Italy (1985)
Japan (1985)
South Korea (1996)
Latvia (2004)
Lithuania (2004)
Luxembourg (1985)
Malta (2004)
Mexico (2013)
Netherlands (1985)
New Zealand (1985)
Norway (1986)
Poland (1994)
Portugal (1985)
Romania (1995)
Slovakia (1994)
Slovenia (2004)
Spain (1985)
Sweden (1991)
Switzerland (1987)
Turkey (2000)
Ukraine (2005)
United Kingdom (1985)
United States (1985)

International organisations

European Commission (1985)

Adherents

According to Australia Group website "AG Adherents notify the AG Chair in writing of their political commitment to adhere to the AG Guidelines and Common Control Lists and any subsequent changes. This adherence is unilateral by the non-member country and not subject to any acceptance decision by the AG membership."^[8] As November 2024 the following countries are adherents:

Kazakhstan (2015)

References

^ "The Australia Group – Origins". australiagroup.net. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ "The Australia Group – Origins". australiagroup.net. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ "The Australia Group – Membership". australiagroup.net. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ "Australia Group Chemical Weapons Precursors List". costanziresearch.com. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020. Of these 87 chemicals, 22 are Novichok precursors that were added on 28 February 2020, to complement the recent addition of Novichok agents to CWC Schedule 1
^ "The Australia Group – Activities". australiagroup.net. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Arms Control Association, "The Australia Group at a Glance", September 2003, available at www.armscontrol.org/factssheets/australiagroup.asp
^ Croddy, Eric (2002). Chemical and Biological Weapons: A Comprehensive Study for the Concerned Citizen. Copernicus Books. pp. 180–1. ISBN 0-387-95076-1.
^ https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/minisite/theaustraliagroupnet/site/en/participants.html