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Men's marathon
at the Games of the III Olympiad
Men's marathon; at the Games of the III Olympiad
	Thomas Hicks and supporters
Venue	St. Louis
Dates	August 30, 1904
Competitors	32 from 7 nations
Winning time	3:28:53
Medalists
	← 1900 1908 →

The men's marathon at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, United States, took place on August 30 of that year, over a distance of 24 miles 1500 yards (40 km).^[1]

The race was run during the hottest part of the day on dusty country roads with minimal water supply; while 32 athletes representing seven nations (the United States, France, Cuba, Greece, South Africa, Great Britain, and Canada) competed, only 14 managed to complete the race,^[2] which was a bizarre affair due to poor organization and officiating.^[3] While Frederick Lorz was greeted as the apparent winner, he was later disqualified as he had hitched a ride in a car for part of the race. The actual winner, Thomas Hicks, was near collapse and hallucinating by the end of the race, a side effect of being administered brandy, raw eggs, and strychnine by his trainers. The fourth-place finisher, Andarín Carvajal, took a nap during the race after eating spoiled apples.

Background

This was the third appearance of the marathon event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. Arthur L. Newton of the United States was the only runner from 1900 to return, while other significant American runners included the winners of the past three Boston Marathons: 1902 winner Sammy Mellor, 1903 winner John Lordon, and 1904 winner Michael Spring.^[5]

Cuba and South Africa each made their first appearance in the event, while the United States was the only nation to have runners in each of the first three Olympic marathons.

The marathon included the first two black Africans to compete in the Olympics: two Tswana men named Len Taunyane and Jan Mashiani, who happened to be in St. Louis as part of the South African exhibit at the 1904 World's Fair.^[6] Both had served as long-distance message runners during the then-recent Boer War.^[7] Although some accounts report that both ran barefoot, Mashiani was wearing shoes in photographs taken during the event.^[4]^[7]

Competition format

The marathon distance had not yet been standardized; in St. Louis, the course was 24 miles and 1500 yards (40 km). The St. Louis organizers started the marathon at 3:00 pm, whereas most modern marathons start in the early morning to take advantage of cooler times of day.

The start included five laps, or 12⁄3 miles (2.68 km), around the stadium track.^[5] The remainder of the course was on dusty country roads, with race officials riding in vehicles ahead of, and behind, the runners: this created dust clouds that exacerbated the severely hot and humid conditions,^[6] with a temperature of around 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32 degrees Celsius) at starting time.^[7]^[8] The course had to be altered at the last minute after roads in the Creve Coeur area were washed out by rain.^[9]

The course was also not cleared of obstacles for the marathon, with the runners having to constantly dodge cross-town traffic, delivery wagons, railroad trains, trolley cars and even people walking their dogs.^[6]

Runners gathered immediately before the race start
First runners leaving the stadium (Mellor and Spring in front of referees' automobile)
Andarín Carvajal on his way to fourth place

Summary

During the race, John Lordan, who had won the 1903 Boston Marathon, was violently ill after 10 miles (16 km) and retired, while Sam Mellor, who had won the 1902 Boston Marathon, was also overcome by the dust; despite leading the field at the halfway mark, Mellor became disoriented and ultimately dropped out of the race after 14.5 miles (23.3 km).^[7] Another near-fatality during the event was William Garcia of the United States. He was found lying on the road along the marathon course unconscious, with severe internal injuries that had been caused by breathing the clouds of dust kicked up by the race officials' cars.^[3]

The first to arrive at the finish line, after three hours and 13 minutes – more than 13 minutes slower than the winning time in 1900 – was Frederick Lorz. After being hailed as the winner, he had his photograph taken with Alice Roosevelt, daughter of then-U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt: she placed a wreath upon Lorz's head, and was about to award him the gold medal when spectators claimed Lorz had not run the entire race. Lorz, suffering cramps, had actually dropped out of the race after nine miles and hitched a ride back to the stadium in a car, waving at spectators and runners alike during the ride. When the car broke down at the 19th mile, he re-entered the race and jogged across the finish line.^[6]

Upon being confronted by furious race officials with these allegations, Lorz immediately admitted his deception. Despite his claim that he was playing a practical joke, the AAU responded by banning Lorz for life; this was commuted to six months on February 19, 1905, after Lorz formally apologized and it was found that he had not intended to defraud. Lorz later won the 1905 Boston Marathon.^[3]^[10]

Thomas Hicks ended up as the winner of the event, although he was aided by various measures that would not have been permitted in later years.^[11] 10 miles (16 km) from the finish, Hicks led the race by 1.5 miles (2.4 km), but he had to be restrained from stopping and lying down by his trainers. From then until the end of the race, Hicks received several doses of strychnine – a common rat poison, which stimulates the nervous system in small doses – mixed with brandy and egg white.^[3] He continued to battle onwards, hallucinating, and was barely able to walk for most of the course. When he reached the stadium, his support team carried him over the line, holding him in the air while he shuffled his feet as if still running.^[6] Hicks had to be carried off the track on a stretcher, and might have died in the stadium had he not been treated by four doctors. He lost 8 pounds (3.6 kg) during the course of the marathon.^[6]

Cuban postman Andarín Carvajal had also joined the marathon, arriving at the last minute.^[6] After losing all of his money gambling in New Orleans, Louisiana, he hitchhiked to St. Louis and had to run the event in street clothes that he cut around the legs to make them into shorts. Not having eaten in 40 hours, he saw a spectator eating two peaches. He asked if he could have the peaches, and the spectator declined. He then stole both peaches and ran away. Later, he stopped off in an orchard en route to eat some apples, which turned out to be rotten.^[6] The rotten apples caused him to have strong stomach cramps, and he had to lie down and take a nap. Despite his discomfort and the pause, Carvajal still managed to finish in fourth place.^[6]^[12]

Arriving without correct documents, Albert Corey, a French immigrant to the United States, is inconsistently listed as participating in a mixed team in the four mile team race (with four undisputed Americans) and competing for the United States in the marathon.^[10] The South African entrants, Len Taunyane and Jan Mashiani, finished ninth and twelfth, respectively; this was a disappointment, as many observers were sure Taunyane could have done better if he had not been chased nearly a mile off course by wild dogs.^[10]

Dehydration

The only two sources of water for the competitors were a water tower at 6 miles (9.7 km), and a well at about the halfway (12 miles 750 yards (19.998 km)) mark.^[3]^[6] James Edward Sullivan was a chief organizer of the Olympics, and set up no other water sources along the 24 miles and 1500 yards course of the marathon even though it was conducted in 32 °C (90 °F) heat over unpaved roads that were choked with dust. His ostensible reason was to conduct research on "purposeful dehydration": this, combined with poor officiating, saw the marathon end with the worst ratio of finishers to starters (14 out of 32), and the slowest winning time, 3:28:53, which was exactly 29 minutes slower than the second-slowest winning time.^[6]

Schedule

Date	Time	Round
Tuesday, 30 August 1904	15:00	Final

Results

Rank	Athlete	Nation	Time
1	Thomas Hicks	United States	3:28:53
2	Albert Corey	France	3:34:52
3	Arthur Newton	United States	3:47:33
4	Andarín Carvajal	Cuba	Unknown
5	Dimitrios Veloulis	Greece
6	David Kneeland	United States
7	Harry Brawley	United States
8	Sidney Hatch	United States
9	Len Taunyane	South Africa
10	Christos Zechouritis	Greece
11	Harry Devlin	United States
12	Jan Mashiani	South Africa
13	John Furla	United States
14	Andrew Oikonomou	Greece
DSQ	Frederick Lorz	United States	3:13:00
—	Edward P. Carr	United States	DNF
	Georgios Drosos	Greece
	Robert Fowler	United States
	John Foy	United States
	William Garcia	United States
	Kharilaos Giannakas	Greece
	Bertie Harris	South Africa
	Thomas J. Kennedy	United States
	John Lordon	United States
	Ioannis Loungitsas	Greece
	Georgios Louridas	Greece
	Samuel Mellor	United States
	Frank Pierce	United States
	Petros Pipiles	Greece
	Guy Porter	United States
	Michael Spring	United States
	Georgios Vamkaitis	Greece
—	Louis Crancer	United States	DNS
	John Daly	Great Britain
	William Heritage	United States
	John Kennedy	United States
	Konstantinos Lontos	United States
	William Meyer	United States
	Billy Sherring	Canada
	Dimitrios Tsokas	Greece