The ashy-headed tyrannulet (Tyranniscus cinereiceps) is a species of bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers.[2] It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.[3]
Taxonomy and systematics
The ashy-headed tyrannulet was originally described as Tyrannulus cinereiceps.[4] During much of the twentieth century it was placed in genus Tyranniscus and in the 1970s was transferred to genus Phyllomyias.[5] A study published in 2020 showed that Phyllomyias was polyphyletic and that the ashy-headed and several other tyrannulets did not belong in it.[6] In September 2023 the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC) resurrected genus Tyranniscus and moved the ashy-headed tyrannulet back into it.[7] The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) followed suit in August 2024.[2] As of September 2024 the Clements taxonomy and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retain the species in genus Phyllomyias.[8][9]
The ashy-headed tyrannulet is about 10 to 11 cm (3.9 to 4.3 in) long and weighs about 10 g (0.35 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a slaty blue-gray crown. Their nape, back, and rump are bright olive. They have white lores and eyering. They have a thin dark line through the eye and a yellowish cheek with a black crescent behind it and yellow behind the crescent. Their wings are dusky with two yellow bars and edges of the inner flight feathers. Their tail is dusky olive. Their throat is grayish white, their breast and flanks yellow with olive streaks, and their belly bright yellow. They have a dark red iris, a small and rounded black bill, and black legs and feet.[10][11][12][13][14][excessive citations]
Distribution and habitat
The ashy-headed tyrannulet has a disjunct distribution, and is found intermittently within each of its ranges. It is found in the Andes from southwestern Táchira in extreme western Venezuela into northern Colombia, in all three Andean ranges in Colombia, through Ecuador on both slopes, and into Peru on the eastern slope as far as Puno Department. It inhabits the interior and edges of humid montane forest in the subtropical zone, especially cloudforest and to a lesser degree secondary forest. In elevation it occurs between 1,700 and 1,900 m (5,600 and 6,200 ft) in Venezuela, 1,800 and 2,800 m (5,900 and 9,200 ft) in Colombia, mostly between 1,350 and 2,500 m (4,400 and 8,200 ft) in Ecuador, and 1,300 and 2,450 m (4,300 and 8,000 ft) in Peru.[10][11][12][13][14][excessive citations]
Behavior
Movement
The ashy-headed tyrannulet is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[10]
Feeding
The ashy-headed tyrannulet feeds on insects and probably also small fruits. It forages singly and in pairs, usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It forages mostly in the forest's mid- and upper levels, taking prey by gleaning while perched and with brief sallies.[10][11][12][13][14][excessive citations]
Breeding
Nothing is known about the ashy-headed tyrannulet's breeding biology beyond that fledglings have been noted in October and November in Colombia.[10]
The ashy-headed tyrannulet's song is a "[p]iercing and far-carrying, a high-pitched note followed by descending trill, 'sweeeee, see-ee-ee-ee-eew' ".[10] Its call is "a gruff pit-tuck".[14]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the ashy-headed tyrannulet as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is extremely rare in Venezuela, known from only three records, all before 2000.[11] It is considered "uncommon but widespread" in Colombia and "rare to uncommon" in Peru.[12][14] It occurs in all of the national parks within its Ecudadoran and Peruvian ranges.[10]
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 28, 2024
^Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved 28 July 2024
^Harvey, M.G., et al. 2020. The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Science 370: 1343-1348
^Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 28 October 2023
^HBW and BirdLife International (2024). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8.1. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy retrieved 26 August 2024
^ abcdefgFitzpatrick, J. W. (2020). Ashy-headed Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias cinereiceps), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ashtyr1.01 retrieved 21 September 2024
^ abcdHilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 563.
^ abcdMcMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 147. ISBN978-0-9827615-0-2.
^ abcRidgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 456. ISBN978-0-8014-8721-7.
^ abcdeSchulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Page 402
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