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Sir Arthur Newsholme KCB FRCP (10 February 1857 – 17 May 1943) was a leading British public health expert during the Victorian era.^[1]

Personal life

He was born at Haworth and died at Worthing. He recalled talking with people who had known the Brontë family. He was educated in Haworth and Keighley; entered St Thomas' Hospital, London, 1875. He married Sara (nee Mansford) in 1881. They had no issue.

Career

Newsholme strongly advocated improvement of public health by state intervention, such as national health insurance, sanitary measurement, hospitals and sanatoriums for the isolation of persons with contagious disease. Some of these proposals for public health interventions were described in a seminal paper in 1919, with the following abstract:^[2]

"There is much illness that might have been avoided if there had been an organized system of state medicine," says Sir Arthur Newsholme, speaking of England. He would give a freer hand to the health officer who measures up to the standard. England's chief defect lies in the existence of small and inefficient local health bodies.

Newsholme lived through a time wherein England, and many other countries in the western world, saw a demographic transition characterized by an exponential growth of the population since halfway the nineteenth century, which he explained both by a rise in fertility and mortality since the early nineteenth century, followed by a decline of mortality since halfway the nineteenth century followed by a decline in fertility after 1875. In his 1911 book on The Declining Birth-Rate ^[3]^[4] he ascertained:

'There is no reasonable doubt that the decline in the birth-rate, which is one of the most striking features of the last thirty years, has been principally caused by volitional regulation of the size of the family.'

He realized that the decline in the birth-rate was both be seen as a threat and an advantage:

'The population question, in particular, is one in which thoughtful men have alternatively been racked by fears of depopulation or, at least, stagnation of population and of the excessive growth of population.'

Although a decrease in birth-rate could (and would) eventually results in a stagnation of population growth, and although the reasons to volitionally regulate the size of the family may sometimes have been 'selfish', the effect will eventually be beneficial to the development and prosperity of the population. Time proved that he was right:

'It would not be fair to omit from consideration what is probably one of the chief factors tending to restrict families. This is the desire of parents with small incomes to educate their children more satisfactorily than they themselves were educated, and to give their children the means for rising in the social scale.'

Graduated MB, London, 1880; MD, London, 1881.
1884 appointed part-time Medical Officer of Health (MOH) for the parish of Clapham
1888 appointed MOH for Brighton
conducted research in epidemiology, particularly relating to tuberculosis, scarlet fever, and diphtheria
1895 gave Milroy lectures at Royal College of Physicians on The Natural History and Affinities of Rheumatic Fever
1900–1901 President, Society of Medical Officers of Health
1908 appointed Principal Medical Officer, Local Government Board; served for ten years in this post dealing particularly with tuberculosis, maternity and child-welfare, and venereal diseases
President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health
1910–1919 Sat as crown nominee on the General Medical Council
Examined for the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London.
Member of the executive of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund.
1914–1918 served on Army Sanitary Committee with rank of Lt Col, Royal Army Medical Corps.
1909 He moved to the Local Government Board, supported by John Burns (1858–1943)
1919 Retired from Whitehall; invited by W. H. Welch to lead the new School of Hygiene at Johns Hopkins University; many links with Russia.
1920–1921 Lecturer on Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; continued to write and lecture on public health, with visits to other countries, including the Soviet Union in 1933

Sir Arthur Newsholme's papers are held at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Archives.^[5]

Awards

1898: FRCP London
1912: Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath
1917: Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
1917: Awarded Bisset Hawkins Medal by the Royal College of Physicians

Bibliography

1908: Alcohol and the Human Body (with Mary Sturge and Sir Victor Horsley)^[6]
1908: The Prevention of Tuberculosis
1919: Influenza: a Discussion (in cooperation with the Royal Society of Medicine)^[7]
1925: The Ministry of Health
1927: Evolution of Preventive Medicine
1929: The Story of Modern Preventive Medicine
1932: Medicine and the State with John Adams Kingsbury.
1933: Red Medicine with John Adams Kingsbury.
1935: Fifty Years in Public Health
1936: The Last Thirty Years in Public Health

Publications

Hygiene (1884); School Hygiene (1887); The Elements of Vital Statistics (1889); `Vital Statistics of Peabody Buildings' Journal of the Statistical Society (1891); `The Alleged Increase of Cancer', with G. King (Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1893); Natural History and Affinities of Rheumatic Fever (Milroy Lecture, 1895); Epidemic Diphtheria: a Research on the Origin and Spread of the Disease from an International Standpoint (1898); The Prevention of Phthisis, with special reference to its Notification to the MOH (1899); `An Inquiry into the Principal Causes of the Reduction of the Death-Rate from Phthisis' Journal of Hygiene (1906); The Brighton Life Tables, 1881–1890 and 1891–1923; International Studies on the Relation between the Private and Official Practice of Medicine (3 vols, 1931); American Addresses on Health and Insurance (1920).