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Aquacade / Rhyolite
Country of origin	United States
Operator	National Reconnaissance Office; Central Intelligence Agency; National Security Agency
Applications	Espionage
Specifications
Launch mass	700 kilograms (1,500 lb)
Regime	Geostationary
Production
Built	4
Launched	4
Maiden launch	19 June 1970
Last launch	7 April 1978

Aquacade, previously designated Rhyolite, was a class of SIGINT spy satellites operated by the National Reconnaissance Office for the United States Central Intelligence Agency. The National Security Agency (NSA) was also reportedly involved.^[1] The program, also known by SIGAD AFP-720 and SIGAD AFP-472, respectively,^[2] is still classified. During the same period, the Canyon SIGINT satellites were in use with an apparently somewhat different set of capabilities.

History

The name of the program, originally "Rhyolite", was changed to "Aquacade" in 1975 following the disclosure of the codeword "Rhyolite" in the trial of Christopher Boyce and Andrew Lee.

The Rhyolite/Aquacade satellites, made by TRW, are rumored to have an umbrella-like reflecting dish 20 meters in diameter. They were succeeded by the Magnum/Orion and Mentor series of satellites.

Satellites

During the Cold War, the US intelligence agencies, such as the National Security Agency (NSA), were reportedly able to intercept Soviet microwave traffic using satellites such as Rhyolite/Aquacade.^[1] Much of the beam of a microwave link passes the receiving antenna and radiates toward the horizon, into space. By positioning a geosynchronous satellite in the path of the beam, the microwave beam can be received.

The satellites had a mass of approximately 700 kg and operated in near-geosynchronous orbits over the Middle East. Signals were relayed to a remote NSA Earth station in Australia, Pine Gap, out of range of Soviet detection. From there, they would be encrypted and sent via another satellite to the NSA's headquarters at Fort Meade for analysis.^[3]

It is believed that at least four Rhyolite/Aquacade satellites were launched from Cape Canaveral between June 1970 and April 1978 on Atlas-Agena D launch vehicles, all of which sported distinctive elongated payload shrouds (presumably to house the satellite's large parabolic antenna). Secrecy around the program was tight and the initial Rhyolite mission in 1970 was the first space launch at Cape Canaveral in seven years that reporters were not invited to cover. These were among the final Atlas-Agena launches as well as the last use of LC-13 at CCAS.

Rhyolite Satellites
Names	COSPAR ID	SATCAT №	Launch date (UTC)	Launch vehicle	Launch site	Remarks
Rhyolite 1^[4] OPS 5346 Aquacade 1^[5]	1970-046A	04418	19 June 1970 11:37	Atlas SLV-3A Agena-D	CCAFS LC-13	Initially positioned at 105° East^[5] (Other sources mention it was left in transfer orbit).^[4]
Rhyolite 2^[6] OPS 6063 Aquacade 2^[5]	1973-013A	06380	6 March 1973 09:30			Initially positioned at 70° East^[5]
Aquacade 3^[5] Rhyolite 3^[7] OPS 4258	1977-114A	10508	11 December 1977 22:45:01			Initially positioned at 70° East^[5]
Aquacade 4^[5] Rhyolite 4^[8] OPS 8790	1978-038A	10787	7 April 1978 00:45:01			Initially positioned at 115° East^[5]

The Canyon Satellite Program was a contemporaneous, near-geosynchronous program with closer ties to the United States Air Force.

References

^ ^a ^b Bamford, James (2008). The Shadow Factory. Doubleday. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-385-52132-1.
^ McDowell, Jonathan (18 September 2003). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 509". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
^ "Rhyolite". www.astronautix.com. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Rhyolite 1". NSSDCA Master Catalog.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Rhyolite 1, 2, 3, 4 / Aquacade 1, 2, 3, 4". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
^ "Rhyolite 2". NSSDCA Master Catalog.
^ "Rhyolite 3". NSSDCA Master Catalog.
^ "Rhyolite 4". NSSDCA Master Catalog.

Links

Richelson, Jeffrey T. ed. U.S. Military Uses of Space, 1945-1991 Vol 1, Guide. National Security Archive. 1991.
SIGINT overview from Federation of American Scientists