Antonius Castor

Antonius Castor was a pioneering botanist and pharmacologist of ancient Rome who lived in the first century.[1] He is several times quoted and mentioned by Pliny the Elder, who considered him the greatest authority on his subjects.[2]

Life and identity

By Pliny's account Castor lived more than a hundred years, in perfect health both of body and mind,[3] though he was apparently deceased at the time of Pliny's writing.[4] Some scholars have suggested that the longevity attributed to ancient physicians is merely a literary trope, and that Castor may not have actually lived as long as Pliny says.[5]

Castor is possibly the same man as the Antonius who was called by Galen "the herbalist",[4] though is unlikely to be the same as Antonius Musa. He may have been a freedman of the triumvir Mark Antony.[6]

Botanical garden

Castor possessed a vast botanical garden, which is probably the earliest on record,[7] though there is some debate whether an earlier garden cultivated by Aristotle, and afterwards Theophrastus, at the Lyceum was ordered and scientific enough to be considered "botanical".[8] However it is believed that Antonius Castor remains the earliest known example of the intentional cultivation of plants for medical purposes in Europe (as opposed to the collection of wild plants for this purpose).[9]

This garden was significant in that it allowed Castor and fellow scientists like Pliny to encounter up close what they might have only read about in rare scientific texts, which might be vague in their botanical descriptions, and largely lacked illustration.[10][11] In the 16th century, German botanist Hieronymus Bock cited Castor as an example of why illustrations in botanical texts were of low value: the pioneers in the field would simply grow their own examples, and only needed illustrations of the very rarest specimens.[12] (Other scholars have suggested that Bock was simply trying to justify omitting illustrations in order to keep the cost of his books down.)[13]

Remedies

Several of Castor's recommendations for herbal remedies are known. He suggested fennel root (ferula) to improve vision, the root of potamogiton (possibly Hippuris vulgaris) to fight goitre, and one of the two varieties of horehound (Ballota spp. and Marrubium vulgare) for abscesses and dog bites.[4]

Notes

  1. ^ Hardy, Gavin; Totelin, Laurence (2015). Ancient Botany. Sciences of Antiquity. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9781134386796. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  2. ^ Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Richard (1999). Science, Folklore, and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece. Hackett Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 9780872205260. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  3. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.5
  4. ^ a b c Keyser, Paul T.; Irby-Massie, Georgia L., eds. (2008). "Antonius Castor". Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists: The Greek Tradition and its Many Heirs. Routledge. ISBN 9781134298020. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  5. ^ Petridou, Georgia; Thumiger, Chiara, eds. (2015). Homo Patiens - Approaches to the Patient in the Ancient World. Studies in Ancient Medicine. Brill Publishers. p. 437. ISBN 9789004305564. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  6. ^ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2012). "Antonius Castor". The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780199545568. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  7. ^ Sarton, George (1952). Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece. Dover classics of science and mathematics. Dover Publications. p. 556. ISBN 9780486274959. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  8. ^ Torrey Botanical Society (1885). "The Origin of Herbaria". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 12 (12): 129–131. doi:10.2307/2476769. JSTOR 2476769.
  9. ^ Niles, Grace (1902). "Origin of Plant Names". The Plant World. 5 (8). Ecological Society of America: 141–144. JSTOR 43477161.
  10. ^ Gibson, Roy; Morello, Ruth, eds. (2011). Pliny the Elder: Themes and Contexts. Vol. 329. Brill Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 9789004202344. Retrieved 2016-02-13. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Irby, Georgia L. (2016). A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 144. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 277. ISBN 9781118372975. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  12. ^ Lefèvre, Wolfgang; Renn, Jürgen; Schoepflin, Urs (2012). The Power of Images in Early Modern Science. Birkhäuser. p. 155. ISBN 9783034880992. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
  13. ^ Reeds, Karen Meier (1976). "Renaissance humanism and botany". Annals of Science. 33 (6): 519–542. doi:10.1080/00033797600200481. PMID 11609948.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Greenhill, William Alexander (1870). "Antonius". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 628.