Antonia Visconti

Antonia Visconti
Head relief of Antonia Visconti in Villa Visconti, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Bornborn after 1350, probably about 1360[1]
Milan, Italy
Died16 March 1405[1]
Old Castle, Stuttgart, County of Württemberg
Resting placeStuttgart Stiftskirche (Stuttgart Collegiate Church)[1]
TitleCountess of Württemberg
SpouseEberhard III, Count of Württemberg
ChildrenEberhard IV, Count of Württemberg
Parent(s)Bernabò Visconti
Beatrice Regina della Scala

Antonia Visconti (born after 1350, probably about 1360, Milan – 16 March 1405, Stuttgart) was Countess of Württemberg.[1]

Family

Beatrice Regina della Scala and her husband Bernabò Visconti, the parents of Antonia Visconti, later Countess of Württemberg, wife of Eberhard III, Count of Württemberg, detail of a fresco by Andrea di Bonaiuto da Firenze from the Cappella Spagnuolo, Santa Maria Novella, Florence

Antonia was the tenth of 17 children of Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan. She was one of the 13 legitimately born children from his marriage to Beatrice Regina della Scala from the Scaliger family, the lords of Verona.

Antonia's sister Taddea Visconti married Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria and was mother of Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI of France and ancestor to some notable people in history, including the Tudor Dynasty. Another sister, Agnes, married Francesco I Gonzaga and was executed for supposed adultery in 1391. Antonia's youngest sister Elisabetta was married to Ernest, Duke of Bavaria.

Antonia's maternal grandparents were Mastino II della Scala and his wife Taddea da Carrara. Her paternal grandparents were Stefano Visconti and his wife Valentina Doria.

Her father Bernabò was a cruel and ruthless despot, and an implacable enemy of the Church. He seized the papal city of Bologna, rejected the Pope and his authority, confiscated ecclesiastical property, and forbade any of his subjects to have any dealings with the Curia. He was excommunicated as a heretic in 1363 by Pope Urban V, who preached crusade against him.[2] When Bernabò was in one of his frequent rages, only Beatrice Regina (her mother) was able to approach him.[3]

Marriage

Antonia was originally betrothed to Frederick III the Simple. This was different from other family marriages because most of Antonia's sisters married members of the House of Wittelsbach. Ten years after the first suggestion of marriage, a marriage contract was drawn up, Antonia's family was to provide a dowry of ten thousand florins plus another twenty thousand in florins jewelry.[4] However, Antonia never married Frederick because he died 27 January 1377 before the marriage could take place. Antonia could have become Queen consort of Sicily if she had married Frederick.

Antonia married, on 27 October 1380, to Eberhard III, Count of Württemberg, in Bad Urach.[5] Antonia laid out water gardens in their castle grounds, known as "der Frau von Mailand Garten".[citation needed]

Antonia and Eberhard had three sons, but only one lived to adulthood:

Antonia and Eberhard were married for twenty-five years. On 26 March 1405 Antonia died at Old Castle (Stuttgart), leaving behind her husband and only surviving son. Eberhard remarried after Antonia's death to Elisabeth, daughter of John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg and Margaret of Bohemia. They had a daughter, also called Elisabeth.

Tests were done on the genetics of the House of Württemberg by Gerhard O. Schwerdfeger. There were cases of mental illness in the family and according to Schwerdfeger the gene came from the House of Visconti.[6][verification needed] Otto of Bavaria and Ludwig II of Bavaria both had a mental disorder, they are both descended from Antonia. Antonia's father, did have frequent rages.

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ a b c d Die Mailänder Herzogstochter Antonia Visconti (ca. 1360-1405) [The Milanese duke's daughter Antonia Visconti (ca. 1360-1405)] (PDF) (in German). Bietigheim-Bissingen: Stadt Bietigheim-Bissingen (City of Bietigheim-Bissingen). 2008. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
  2. ^ Tuchman 2014, p. 263.
  3. ^ Tuchman 2014, p. 254.
  4. ^ "Storia di Milano: I Visconti" [History of Milan" The Visconti]. Storia di Milano (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  5. ^ de Mesquita 1941, p. 411.
  6. ^ Raff, Gerhard (2003). Hie gut Wirtemberg allewege. 1, Das Haus Württemberg von Graf Ulrich dem Stifter bis Herzog Ludwig [Hie good Wirtemberg all the way. 1, The House of Württemberg from Count Ulrich the Founder to Duke Ludwig] (in German). Stuttgart: Dt. Verl.-Anst. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-89850-110-1. OCLC 634783567.

Sources

  • de Mesquita, D. M. Bueno (1941). Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (1351-1402): A Study in the Political. Cambridge University Press.
  • Tuchman, Barbara (2014) [1979]. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. New York, NY: Ballantine. ISBN 9780345349576. OCLC 905986995.