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Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation (using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods) of the genetic value (estimated breeding value, EBV) of livestock. Selecting for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production, or with other desirable traits has revolutionized livestock production throughout the entire world. The scientific theory of animal breeding incorporates population genetics, quantitative genetics, statistics, and recently molecular genetics and is based on the pioneering work of Sewall Wright, Jay Lush, and Charles Henderson.

Breeding stock

Breeding stock is a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred animals, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and presumably superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, when breeding swine for meat, the "breeding stock should be sound, fast growing, muscular, lean, and reproductively efficient."^[1] The "subjective selection of breeding stock" in horses has led to many horse breeds with particular performance traits.^[2] While breeding animals is common in an agricultural setting, it is also a common practice for the purpose of selling animals meant as pets, such as cats, dogs, horses, and birds, as well as less common animals, such as reptiles or some primates.

Purebred breeding

Mating animals of the same breed for maintaining such breed is referred to as purebred breeding. Opposite to the practice of mating animals of different breeds, purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By "breeding the best to the best", employing a certain degree of inbreeding, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline or "breed" superior in certain respects to the original base stock.

Such animals can be recorded with a breed registry, the organisation that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books. The observable phenomenon of hybrid vigor stands in contrast to the notion of breed purity.

For laboratory purposes, organisms such as mice have been inbred to 100% pure lines, as offered for sale by the Jackson laboratory. But this is highly unusual and difficult to do for most organisms, in whose populations all individuals harbor recessive, deleterious gene variants (alleles).

Lush, JL (1937), Animal Breeding Plans, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press
Kempthorne, O (1957), Introduction to Statistic Genetics, John Wiley & Sons
Van Vleck; L. D.; Searle; S. R. (1979), Variance components and animal breeding: proceedings of a conference in honor of C.R. Henderson, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
Henderson, CR (1984), Applications of linear models in animal breeding, Guelph, Ont: University of Guelph, ISBN 0-88955-030-1
Hammond K. Gianola, D. (1990), Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock (Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences), Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K, ISBN 3-540-50809-0
Massey, JW; Vogt, DW (1993), Heritability and Its Use in Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, archived from the original on 2009-04-12, retrieved 2008-09-13
Mrode, R. A. (1996), Linear models for the prediction of animal breeding values, Oxon: CAB International, ISBN 0-85198-996-9
Cameron, N. D. (1997), Selection indices and prediction of genetic merit in animal breeding, Oxon: CAB International, ISBN 0-85199-169-6
Dalton, C; Willis, MB (1998), Dalton's Introduction to Practical Animal Breeding, Oxford: Blackwell Science, ISBN 0-632-04947-2
Bourdon, RM (2000), Understanding animal breeding, Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-096449-2
Newman, S; Rothschild, MF (2002), Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and Genetics, Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub, ISBN 0-85199-641-8
FAO. (2007). The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.
FAO. (2010). Breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 3. Rome.
FAO. (2015). The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.

References

^ "Selection of Swine Breeding Stock" (PDF). Oklahoma State University. No. 258. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
^ James Warren Evans (1992). Horse breeding and management. Elsevier Health Science. ISBN 978-0-444-88282-0.
^ Meat Atlas 2014 – Facts and figures about the animals we eat, page 24, download Meat Atlas
^ ETC Group, Putting the Cartel before the Horse ... and Farm, Seeds, Soil, Peasants, etc. , page 17, chapter: Livestock Genetic, September 2013

External links

Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
Guidelines For Uniform Swine Improvement Programs, National Swine Improvement Federation, 2003, archived from the original on 2008-10-21
Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
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Academic centers

Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Netherlands, 23 March 2022{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, University of Georgia, USA
Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Canada
Animal Breeding & Genetics, Cornell University, USA, 12 September 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Animal Breeding & Genetics, Iowa State University, USA, archived from the original on 2009-03-04, retrieved 2008-09-06
Breeding and Genetics Program, Colorado State University, USA, archived from the original on 2008-10-12
Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Australia
European Graduate School in Animal Breeding and Genetics (EGS-ABG), AgroParisTech, France ; Wageningen University, Netherlands ; Aarhus University, Denmark ; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

Journals

"Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics", Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics (1986), ISSN 0931-2668, archived from the original on 2008-12-12, retrieved 2008-09-06