Ancient Iberian coinage

The spread of minting in Iberia from the fifth century BC to the first century AD (known and likely locations)

The history of ancient Iberian coinage begins as early as the fifth century BC, but widespread minting and circulation in the Iberian peninsula did not begin until late in the third century, during the Second Punic War.[1] Civic coinages - emissions made by individual cities at their own volition - continued under the first two and a half centuries of Roman control until ending in the mid-first century AD.[2] Some non-civic coins were minted on behalf of Roman emperors during this period and continued to be minted after the cessation of the civic coinages.[3] After the cessation of the civic coinages, these Imperial coins were the only coins minted in Iberia until the coins of the Suebi and Visigoths.

Ancient Iberia was connected to the eastern and central Mediterranean, and so there are links to the Greek, Roman and Punic (Carthaginian) civic coinages. Yet there are also many points of difference that reflect dynamics within Iberia itself.[4][5][6][7]

The colonial background: 6th century BC to the Second Punic War (-218 BC)

O: Head Arethusa right, Sicilian style, with three dolphins. R: Pegasus right, legend in Greek: 'ΕΜΠΟΡΙΤΩΝ' (Emporion).
Silver drachma of the Greek colony of Emporion, 241-218 BC, CNH 20:15

Small numbers of coins minted in other parts of the Mediterranean had circulated along the eastern coast of Spain perhaps from the sixth century, with an uptick from the fourth century.[8] These coins were part of a colonial frontier economy in which indigenous towns traded wines, ceramics and finished goods primarily for raw materials: precious metals, wood, food products and perhaps slaves.[9][10] Some coins may also have been earned by Iberian mercenaries fighting overseas.[11]

Throughout the western Mediterranean, new coinage traditions appear around the 4th century. Non-Greek cities in the Italian Peninsula (including Rome) begin minting in the 4th and early 3rd century.[12] Carthage minted from the mid-4th century, as with the Greek tradition following earlier emissions from Phoenician colonies in Sicily.[13] In the north of the Iberian peninsula, the Massiliote Greek colonies of Emporion and Rhode minted mainly silver coins from the mid-fifth and late fourth centuries, respectively.[14][15][16] Further to the south, the Phoenician colonies of Ebusus and Gadir minted bronze coins from the second half of the fourth and early third centuries, respectively.[17][18] Additionally, the prominent Iberian town of Arse (Roman Saguntum) minted bronze and silver coins from the middle of the fourth century.[19][20]

Within Iberian society, wealth could take a variety of forms, sometimes regionally specific. The discovery of mixed hoards containing coins, jewellery and precious metal bullion suggests that coins were being used as part of a range of ways to store, display and exchange wealth.[8] For example, a late fifth century hoard found in a wall in the Iberian town of Puig de la Nau contained four gold earrings, a gold stud, a silver bracelet and a silver coin from Emporion.[21] In many such hoards, some of the silver has been cut into small pieces, which can be related to finds of weights and scales and suggests that this metal circulated as a form of 'proto-money'.[22]

Second Punic War (218-205 BC in Iberia)

O: Male head right. R: Two-headed horse, legend in Iberian: 'SIKARA'.
Silver tetartamorion, Second Punic War

Part of the Second Punic War was fought in the Iberian Peninsula and coins were used by combatants on all sides. This led to a widespread and dramatic increase in the number of places where coins were minted and the amount of coin in circulation.

To fund their war effort, the Carthaginians minted gold, electrum, silver and bronze coins.[23] These coins may have been minted in the Barcid 'capital' of Carthago Nova or perhaps were minted simply in Carthaginian military camps. In addition to these coins and those of Gadir and Ebusus, Phoenician colonies along the south coast such as Malaka and Sexi also minted bronze coins.[24]

Along the east coast and particularly in the northeast a great number of towns minted silver drachmas. Some of these coins imitate the drachmas of Emporion or Massalia, while others have Iberian legends, a few of which can be related to towns or peoples but many of which are unknown or illegible.[25] This silver coinage is generally seen as minted by the pro-Roman side, particularly as little Roman coin seems to have reached the Peninsula given the concurrent fighting in the Italian Peninsula.[26] But given the fluid situation of the war, particularly in the early years, some of these emissions may have been minted to aid the Carthaginian cause.[27]

Republican coinage (190s-72 BC)

O: Male head right, with dolphin and 'S'. R: Horseman (jinete) right with spear, legend in Iberian: 'BILBILIS'.
Iberian bronze 'jinete' aes or single unit, late 2nd-early 1st century BC, cf. CNH 238:2

After this war, and the subsequent Roman annexation of much of the Peninsula, many indigenous towns and a few Roman colonial towns minted civic coins over the second and early first centuries. The main catalogue for these coins is the Corpus nummum hispaniae ante Augusti aetatem (CNH) but see also the more recent Diccionario de cecas y pueblos hispánicos.[28][29] The indigenous towns in Hispania Citerior minted coins with Iberian scripts and either Iberian or Celtiberian legends. These coins were often typologically similar, with a heroic male portrait on the obverse and a horseman on the reverse - the so-called "jinete" (horseman) coins. The areas in which coins were minted and circulating expanded as Roman control was spread into the interior of the Peninsula. The legends and iconography on coins from Hispania Ulterior were more diverse, with Latin legends common but also some Iberian scripts while Punic continued to be used in the old Phoenician colonies along the south coast. Hence although coins from this era are often called Iberian coins, this description does not cover all coins minted during the Republic. Indeed, a smaller number of Roman colonial towns minted in Latin, following Italian and Roman examples more closely. These include Valentia and Toletum. The numbers of towns minting peaked in the last third of the second century and early first century, and then declined rapidly in the early first century, particularly in Hispania Citerior after the end of the Sertorian War.[1]

The purpose of these coins is unclear. They may be related to ad hoc Roman tribute demands or rents on land confiscated by Rome. But the amounts minted are insufficient to represent regular taxation or legionary pay.[30][31] Widely varying levels of production suggest that the reasons each town minted were diverse.[32] Some coins seem tightly related to particular extractive or productive actitivites, such as mining camps in the south or fish-salting industries along the south coast.[33][34] As the decision to mint was taken by local communities, and many elements of the legends and iconography seem locally significant, there may have been a strong element of local pride and identity at stake.[35][36] Once in circulation, Iberian coins predominantly stayed within the region where they were minted although some did travel further afield.[37] The production of many bronze coins and even many fractions as well as high numbers of coins found throughout all different types of site, from large towns to small farms, suggest a wide range of everyday uses.[38][39]

Late Republican and Julio-Claudian coinage (72 BC-41 AD)

O: Portrait of Augustus right, 'AUGUSTUS DIVI F'. R: Horseman (jinete) right with spear, legend 'BILBILIS'.
Provincial bronze aes, reign of Augustus

From around the mid-first century BC, the number of towns emitting coins decreased and Latin legends were standardised throughout the Peninsula.[40] Coins were mainly now emitted by more important towns that had received privileged juridical status from victorious Roman generals in the Civil Wars and then from the new Julio-Claudian emperors Augustus and Tiberius. Many of the coins emitted proclaim the new status of emitting towns as Roman coloniae or municipia, and individual civic iconography was used with strong similarities to that used in other Roman provinces and media.[41] These emissions are conventionally called (Roman) Provincial coins. The main catalogue for these coins is Volume I of the Roman Provincial Coinage (RPC).[3]

A handful of mints in eastern Iberia did attempt to retain the jinete coins with bilingual Iberian and Latin legends, but this did not become popular. The peak of these provincial emissions was under Augustus and Tiberius, and the last 'local' coins were emitted under the emperor Caligula, in the mid-first century AD.[2] This cessation of local coinage in the mid-first century AD was not unique to Hispania but occurred throughout the western Provinces.[42] From that point on the only emissions in Roman Hispania were emissions from a few Imperial mints controlled by the emperor and used for purposes such as legionary pay.[2]

Two main reasons are given for the provincial emissions. Firstly, the new municipia and coloniae wanted to advertise their status and Imperial favour.[43] Secondly, these new constitutional forms came with state expenses. These emissions may have been intended to partly meet such expenses. Once these coins were in circulation, they were likely used in the broad range of roles coins played in Roman monetised economic life.[44]

Coins of Hispania Citerior, 2nd century to early 1st century
Silver 'Iberian jinete' denarius of BOLSKAN (Huesca)
Silver 'Iberian jinete' denarius of BARSKUNES (Unknown location, maybe southern Navarre)
Bronze 'Iberian jinete' aes of KELIN (Caudete de las Fuentes), mid 2nd century
Bronze sextans of ARSE (Sagunto)
Bronze 'Iberian jinete' aes of SALDUIE (Zaragoza)
Coins of Hispania Ulterior, 2nd century to early 1st century
Bronze aes of Onuba (Huelva), early 1st century BC
Bronze aes of Gadir (Cádiz), unknown date, Punic legend.
Bronze 'Iberian' semis of KASTILO (Linares)
Bronze 'Iberian' aes of IBOLKA (Porcuna)
Bronze aes of Orippo (Torre de los Herberos, Seville), 1st century BC
Coins of Hispania, mid 1st century BC to mid 1st century AD
Bronze bilingual aes of SAITI-Saetabis (Xàtiva), mid-1st century BC
Bronze 'Provincial' aes of Calagurris (Calahorra), Julio-Claudian
Bronze 'Provincial' aes of Carthago Nova (Cartagena), reign of Tiberius
Bronze 'Provincial' aes of Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza), reign of Caligula
Bronze aes of Iulia Traducta (Algeciras), reign of Augustus

See also

Citations

References

  • Aguilar, M. A.; Ñaco del Hoyo, T. (1995), "Fiscalidad romana y la aparición de la moneda ibérica: Apuntes para una discusión", in García-Bellido, M. P.; Sobral, R.M. (eds.), La moneda hispánica: Ciudad y territorio, Anejos de Archivo Español de Arqueología, pp. 281–288
  • Albiach, R. (2013), L'oppidum de la Carència de Torís i el seu territori, Servicio de Investigación Prehistórica del Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia
  • Amela, L. (2010), "La moneda bilingüe de Usekerte/Osi", Gaceta Numismática, vol. 178–9, pp. 9–16
  • Beltrán, F. (2004), "Sobre la localización de Damania, Leonica, Osicerda y Orosis", Palaeohispanica, vol. 4, pp. 67–88
  • Burnett, A.; Amandry, M.; Ripollès, P. P. (1992), Roman provincial coinage: From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius, vol. 1, British Museum Press and Bibliothèque Nationale
  • Campo, M. (2005), "Nuevos datos sobre la moneda en la colonia de Rhode", in C., Alfaro; C., Marcos; P., Otero (eds.), XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, pp. 323–330
  • Campo, M. (2013), "De donde venían y a donde iban las monedas fenicio-púnicas: Producción, función y difusión de las emisiones", in Costa, B.; Fernández, J. (eds.), La moneda y su papel en las sociedades fenicio-púnicas, Museu Arqueològic d'Eivissa i Formentera, pp. 9–34
  • Chaves, F. (2008), "Moneda local en Hispania: ¿Autoafirmación o integración?", in Uroz, J.; Noguera, J.M.; Coarelli, F. (eds.), Iberia e Italia: Modelos romanos de integración territorial, Tabularium, pp. 107–131
  • Chaves, F. (2012a), "Plata, guerra y sociedad: Iberia, finales del siglo III a.C.-inicios II a.C.", in Asolati, M.; Gorini, G. (eds.), I ritrovamenti monetali e i processi storico-economici nel mondo antico, Esedra, pp. 151–90
  • Chaves, F. (2012b), "Arqueología de la conquista como elemento identitario: Moneda y epigrafía monetal", in Santos, J.; Cruz, G. (eds.), Romanización, fronteras y etnias en la Roma antigua: El caso hispano, Universidad de País Vasco, pp. 173–205
  • Crawford, M. H. (1985), Coinage and money under the Roman Republic: Italy and the Mediterranean economy, Methuen & Co.
  • García-Bellido, M. P. (1986), "Nuevos documentos sobre minería y agricultura romanas en Hispania", AEspA, vol. 59, pp. 13–46
  • García-Bellido, M. P. (2005), "(2005-6), Indicadores de identidad cultural: La representación de las joyas en las monedas", Kalathos, vol. 24–5, pp. 341–356
  • García-Bellido, M. P.; Blázquez, C. (2001), Diccionario de cecas y pueblos hispánicos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
  • García-Bellido, M. P.; Callegarin, L.; Jiménez, A., eds. (2011), Barter, money and coinage in the ancient Mediterranean (10th-1st centuries BC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
  • Gozalbes, M. (2009), "Circulación y uso de los denarios ibéricos", in M., Campo (ed.), Ús i circulació de la moneda a la Hispania Citerior, XIII Curs d'història monetària d'Hispania, Museu de Prehistòria de València, pp. 83–103
  • López, F. (2010), "Dracmas ampuritanas y marsellesas acuñadas para Cartago (218-211/209 A.C.)", Mainake, vol. 32, pp. 601–17
  • Lledó, N. (2004), El uso de moneda en la ciudades romanas de Hispania en época imperial: El área mediterránea, PhD Thesis, Departament de Prehistòria i d'Arqueologia, Universitat de València
  • Martínez, A. (1994), "En torno a la localización de la ceca de Ikalesken", IX Congreso Nacional de Numismática, pp. 59–74
  • Mora, B. (2003), "Sobre el uso de la moneda en las ciudades fenicio-púnicas de la Península Ibérica", in López, J. (ed.), Las ciudades fenicio-púnicas en el Mediterraneo Occidental, Centro de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos, pp. 405–438
  • Ñaco del Hoyo, T.; Prieto, A. (1999), "Moneda e historia monetaria en la Hispania republicana: ¿Economía, política, fiscalidad?", Studia Histórica. Historia Antigua, vol. 17, pp. 193–241
  • Oliver, A.; Perea, A. (1999), "El depósito ritual del Puig de la Nau (Benicarló, Castellón)", Quaderns de Prehistòria de Arqueologia de Castelló, vol. 20, pp. 189–207
  • Padrós, P. (2005), "Algunos ejemplos de la relación existente entre cecas ibéricas y fundaciones tardorepublicanas en el nordeste de la Hispania Citerior", XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Madrid, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 523–530
  • Pérez, A. (1993), "Iltirta y Auso, dos capitales regionales en la Hispania Republica", Anales de Prehistoria y Arqueología, vol. 9–10, pp. 193–208
  • Pérez, A. (2011), "La ceca de iltirka (iltirkesken) a la luz de los nuevos datos analíticos", Revista d'Arqueologia de Ponent, vol. 21, pp. 57–60
  • Ripollès, P. P. (1979), "La ceca de Celin: Su probable localización en relación con los hallazgos numismáticos", Saguntum, vol. 14, pp. 127–138
  • Ripollès, P. P. (1988), La ceca de Valentia, Estudis Numismátics Valencians
  • Ripollès, P. P. (1999), "De nuevo sobre la localización de Ikale(n)sken", in Valero, M. (ed.), 1a Jornadas de Arqueología Ibérica de Castilla-La Mancha, Consejeria de Educación y Cultura, pp. 145–168
  • Ripollès, P. P. (2005a), "Las acuñaciones antiguas de la Península Ibérica: Dependencias e innovaciones", in Alfaro, C.; Marcos, C.; Otero, P. (eds.), XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, pp. 187–208
  • Ripollès, P. P. (2005b), "Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces: Spain", in Howgego, C. J.; Heuchert, V.; Burnett, A. (eds.), Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces, Oxford University Press, pp. 79–93
  • Ripollès, P. P. (2007), Las acuñaciones de la ciudad ibérica de Saitabi, Universitat de València
  • Ripollès, P. P. (2011), "Cuando la plata se convierte en moneda: Iberia oriental", in García-Bellido, M.; Callegarin, L.; Jiménez, A. (eds.), Barter, money and coinage in the ancient Mediterranean (10th-1st centuries BC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, pp. 213–226
  • Ripollès, P. P.; Llorens, M. (2002), Arse-Saguntum, Fundación Bancaja
  • Rouillard, P. (2009), "Greeks and the Iberian Peninsula: Forms of exchange and settlements", in Dietler, M.; López-Ruiz, C. (eds.), Colonial encounters in ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek and indigenous relations, University of Chicago Press, pp. 131–151
  • Sanmartí, J. (2009), "Colonial relations and social change in Iberia (seventh to third centuries BC)", in Dietler, M.; López-Ruiz, C. (eds.), Colonial encounters in ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek and indigenous relations, University of Chicago Press, pp. 49–88
  • Sinner, A.; Martí, C. (2012), "La circulación monetaria en el valle de Cabrera de Mar (El Maresme, Barcelona)", in Sinner, A. (ed.), La moneda de los íberos: Ilturo y los talleres layetanos, Universitat de Barcelona, pp. 55–71
  • Villaronga, L. (1994), Corpus nummum hispaniae ante Augusti aetatem, José A. Herrero

Read other articles:

Kepler-9cPerbandingan ukuran Kepler-9c (kiri) dengan Jupiter (kanan)Penemuan[1][2]Ditemukan olehtim Misi KeplerSitus penemuanteleskop luar angkasa KeplerTanggal penemuan26 Agustus 2010Metode deteksiTransitPenamaanNama alternatifKOI-377.02[3]Ciri-ciri orbitSumbu semimayor0.225 ± 0.001 AU (3,366×1010 ± 150.000.000 km)Eksentrisitas0Periode orbit38,91 hariInklinasi88,12BintangKepler-9[4]Ciri-ciri fisikJari-jari rata-r...

 

Romawi Kuno Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri Politik dan KetatanegaraanRomawi Kuno Zaman Kerajaan Romawi753–509 SM Republik Romawi509–27 SM Kekaisaran Romawi27 SM – 395 M Principatus Dominatus Wilayah Barat395–476 M Wilayah Timur395–1453 M Lini Masa Konstitusi Romawi Konstitusi Zaman Kerajaan Konstitusi Zaman Republik Konstitusi Zaman Kekaisaran Konstitusi Akhir Zaman Kekaisaran Senatus Sidang Legislatif Magistratus Eksekutif Preseden dan Hukum Hukum Romawi Ius Imperium Mos Maior...

 

Domestic agenda of U.S. President Harry S. Truman (1945–53) For the copyright doctrine, see Fair dealing. Part of a series onProgressivism History Atomic Age Age of Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age New Culture Movement Progressive Era Space Age Ideas Christianity Civil liberties Cultural liberalism Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Li...

Auditorat Utama Keuangan Negara II Badan Pemeriksa KeuanganRepublik IndonesiaGambaran umumDasar hukumUndang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2006Peraturan BPK RI Nomor 2 Tahun 2020Susunan organisasiAuditor UtamaDr. Nelson Ambarita S.E., M.M., Ak., CFE., S.H., CAKepala SekretariatDhiena Novianita S.Sos., M.M. KepalaAuditorat II.AWinarno S.ST, Ak., M.Ak., CPAAuditorat II.BErikson Simbolon S.E., M.M., Ak., CA., ACPA, CSFAAuditorat II.CHarry Purwaka S.E., MSF., Ak., CA, CSFAAuditorat II.DBenedictus Suharyan...

 

Wakil Perdana MenteriLambang Pemerintah JepangPetahanaLowongsejak 4 Oktober 2021GelarTuan Wakil Perdana MenteriYang MuliaAnggotaKabinetDewan Keamanan NasionalDitunjuk olehPerdana Menteridibuktikan oleh KaisarMasa jabatanTidak ada istilah tetapPejabat perdanaKijuro ShideharaDibentuk3 Mei 1947SuksesiPertamaGaji¥20,916,000 Wakil Perdana Menteri Jepang (副総理code: ja is deprecated , Fuku-sōri) adalah pejabat tertinggi kedua dari cabang eksekutif pemerintah Jepang setelah Perdana Menter...

 

American nonprofit publishing organization Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP)LocationWashington, D.C., United States Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP) is an American nonprofit publishing organization that was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1972. The organization works to increase media democracy and strengthen independent media. Basic information WIFP was founded in 1972 by Donna Allen in Washington, DC. She was an economist, historian, and civil rights activist...

Universal Music IndonesiaPerusahaan indukUniversal Music GroupDidirikan1987GenreBervariasi (umumnya lebih ke pop dan R&B)Asal negaraIndonesiaLokasiIntiland Tower, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Kav.32, Karet Tengsin, Tanah Abang, Jakarta Pusat 10250 Universal Music Indonesia (sebelumnya bernama Suara Sentral Sejati dan PolyGram Indonesia) adalah perusahaan rekaman yang berbasis dan berdomisili di Jakarta, Indonesia. Didirikan pada tahun 1987, perusahaan ini merupakan cabang dari Universal Music ...

 

American college basketball season 1957–58 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketballConferenceBig Ten ConferenceRecord11–11 (5-9 Big Ten)Head coachHarry CombesAssistant coaches Howie Braun Jim Bredar Jess MacLeay MVPDon OhlCaptainJohn PaulHome arenaHuff HallSeasons← 1956–571958–59 → 1957–58 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT No. 12 Indiana 10 – 4   .714 13 – ...

 

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Yari (disambiguasi). Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Yari – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Desember 2010) Gambar Yari Yari (槍code: ja is deprecated ) adalah istilah untuk salah satu pisau tra...

 

2012 Indian filmMunjaneDirected byS. NarayanWritten byS. NarayanProduced byBhagyavathiS. NarayanStarringGaneshManjari PhadnisCinematographyJagadish WaliMusic byDharma VishRelease date 2 March 2012 (2012-03-02) CountryIndiaLanguageKannada Munjane (transl. Dawn) is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film starring Ganesh and Manjari Phadnis.[1] The film was written, produced and directed by S. Narayan, who also composed and written the songs and also acted in t...

 

Canadian soccer player (born 1979) Patrice Bernier Bernier taking a penalty for the Montreal Impact in 2013Personal informationDate of birth (1979-09-23) September 23, 1979 (age 44)Place of birth Brossard, Quebec, CanadaPosition(s) MidfielderCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1998–1999 Syracuse Orange 38 (12)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2000–2002 Montreal Impact 73 (5)2003–2004 Moss FK 40 (1)2004–2007 Tromsø IL 68 (4)2007–2008 1. FC Kaiserslautern 15 (1)2008–2011 FC No...

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています(詳細)。 数字の大字(だいじ)は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字(小字)の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券(「壱」が大字) 弐千円日本銀行券(「弐」が大字) 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

 

Neighbourhood in Skåne County, Skåne, SwedenDjupadalNeighbourhoodCoordinates: 55°34′27″N 12°57′10″E / 55.57417°N 12.95278°E / 55.57417; 12.95278CountrySwedenProvinceSkåneCountySkåne CountyMunicipalityMalmö MunicipalityBorough of MalmöLimhamn-BunkefloPopulation (2021)[1] • Total4,215Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Djupadal is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Limhamn-Bunkeflo, Ma...

 

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会马来西亚代表團马来西亚国旗IOC編碼MASNOC马来西亚奥林匹克理事会網站olympic.org.my(英文)2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会(東京)2021年7月23日至8月8日(受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟,但仍保留原定名称)運動員30參賽項目10个大项旗手开幕式:李梓嘉和吳柳螢(羽毛球)[1][2]閉幕式:潘德莉拉(跳水)[3]獎牌榜排名第74 金牌 銀牌 銅�...

Association football club in London, England Football clubFisher AthleticFull nameFisher Athletic (London) Football ClubNickname(s)The Fish, The MartyrsFounded1908Dissolved2009GroundChampion Hill, DulwichCapacity3,000 (500 seated)2008–09Conference South, 22nd Home colours Away colours Fisher Athletic F.C. were a semi-professional football club from South East London, which last played in the Conference South, which is one of the two leagues that form the sixth tier of the English football l...

 

Vista absidale del duomo di Milano. Per gotico a Milano si intende l'esperienza artistica cittadina a cavallo tra la seconda metà del XIII secolo e la prima metà del XV secolo. Lo stile gotico, inizialmente introdotto nel territorio milanese dai monaci cistercensi, fu il principale linguaggio artistico del vasto programma mecenatesco e autocelebrativo dei Visconti, signori di Milano, al cui dominio sulla città viene solitamente associato il periodo gotico milanese. Indice 1 Inquadramento s...

 

2023 National League Championship Series Team (Wins) Manager(s) Season Arizona Diamondbacks (4) Torey Lovullo 84–78 (.519), GB: 16 Philadelphia Phillies (3) Rob Thomson 90–72 (.556), GB: 14DatesOctober 16–24MVPKetel Marte (Arizona)UmpiresLance Barksdale, Andy Fletcher, Tripp Gibson, Adam Hamari, Dan Iassogna (crew chief), Mike Muchlinski, Carlos TorresBroadcastTelevisionTBSTV announcersBrian Anderson, Ron Darling, Jeff Francoeur and Matt WinerRadioESPNRadio announcersJon Sciambi and Do...

Japanese retired professional wrestler (born 1975) Ran Yu-YuYu-Yu in July 2010Birth nameTomoko Miyaguchi[1][2]Born (1975-08-17) August 17, 1975 (age 48)[1][2]Sennan, Osaka[1]Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Made in Philippines[3]Ran Yu-Yu[1][2]Tomoko Miyaguchi[2]Billed height1.60 m (5 ft 3 in)[1]Billed weight62 kg (137 lb)[1]DebutDecember 4, 1994[1][2]R...

 

此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2012年7月30日)維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證。请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。 斯巴达是古希腊最重要的城邦国家之一,在所有希腊城邦国家中领土最广大。斯巴达实行非常独特的政治制度,即由来自两个王室的国王同时统治,两支王室的继承互不干扰。两个王室分别是亚基亚德世...