American Airlines

This article is about the US-based airline named "American Airlines". For its parent company, see American Airlines Group. For a full list of all US-based airlines, see List of airlines of the United States.

American Airlines, Inc.
IATA ICAO Call sign
AA[1] AAL[1] AMERICAN[2]
FoundedApril 15, 1926; 98 years ago (1926-04-15)
(as American Airways, Inc.)[3]
Commenced operationsJune 25, 1936; 88 years ago (1936-06-25)
AOC #AALA025A[4]
Hubs
Frequent-flyer programAAdvantage
AllianceOneworld
Fleet size970
Destinations353[5]
Parent companyAmerican Airlines Group
HeadquartersFort Worth, Texas, U.S.[6]
Key people
Employees103,200 (2023)[7]
Websitewww.aa.com

American Airlines is a major airline in the United States headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It is the largest airline in the world when measured by scheduled passengers carried, revenue passenger mile, and daily flights. American, along with its regional subsidiaries and contractors operating under the brand name American Eagle, operate an extensive international and domestic network with almost 6,800 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in 48 countries.[8][9] American Airlines is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance.

American Airlines and American Eagle operate out of ten hubs, with Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) being the largest. The airline handles more than 200 million passengers annually, with an average of more than 500,000 passengers daily. As of 2023, the company employs 103,200 staff members.

History

Main article: History of American Airlines
DC-3 "Flagship" American's chief aircraft type during the World War II period

American Airlines was started in 1930 as a union of more than eighty small airlines.[10] The two organizations from which American Airlines originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first created in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation. This, in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system and was renamed American Airlines. The airline fully developed its international business between 1970 and 2000. It purchased Trans World Airlines in 2001.[11]

American had a direct role in the development of the Douglas DC-3, which resulted from a marathon telephone call from American Airlines CEO C. R. Smith to Douglas Aircraft Company founder Donald Wills Douglas Sr., when Smith persuaded a reluctant Douglas to design a sleeper aircraft based on the DC-2 to replace American's Curtiss Condor II biplanes. (The existing DC-2's cabin was 66 inches (1.7 m) wide, too narrow for side-by-side berths.) Douglas agreed to proceed with development only after Smith informed him of American Airline's intention to purchase 20 aircraft. The prototype DST (Douglas Sleeper Transport) first flew on December 17, 1935, the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers' flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Its cabin was 92 in (2.3 m) wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14–16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3. There was no prototype DC-3; the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line and was delivered to American Airlines.[12] American Airlines inaugurated passenger service on June 26, 1936, with simultaneous flights from Newark, New Jersey, and Chicago, Illinois.[13]

Passengers exiting plane at the El Paso Airport in 1957

American also had a direct role in the development of the DC-10, which resulted from a specification from American Airlines to manufacturers in 1966 to offer a widebody aircraft that was smaller than the Boeing 747, but capable of flying similar long-range routes from airports with shorter runways. McDonnell Douglas responded with the DC-10 trijet shortly after the two companies' merger.[14] On February 19, 1968, the president of American Airlines, George A. Spater, and James S. McDonnell of McDonnell Douglas announced American's intention to acquire the DC-10. American Airlines ordered 25 DC-10s in its first order.[15][16] The DC-10 made its first flight on August 29, 1970,[17] and received its type certificate from the FAA on July 29, 1971.[18] On August 5, 1971, the DC-10 entered commercial service with American Airlines on a round-trip flight between Los Angeles and Chicago.[19]

In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, American Airlines' parent company, the AMR Corporation, filed for bankruptcy protection. In 2013, American Airlines merged with US Airways but kept the American Airlines name, as it was the better-recognized brand internationally; the combination of the two airlines resulted in the creation of the largest airline in the United States, and ultimately the world.[20]

In December 2023, the company was added to the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index.[21]

Destinations and hubs

Destinations

As of September 2024, American Airlines flies (or has flown) to the following destinations:

Hubs

A plane lands as other planes are parked in the background
American operates its largest hub at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport.

American currently operates ten hubs.[74]

Alliance and codeshare agreements

American Airlines is a member of the Oneworld alliance and has codeshares with the following airlines:[86]

Joint ventures

In addition to the above codeshares, American Airlines has entered into three joint ventures.[90]

Atlantic Joint Business

American Airlines is a vital member of the Oneworld Atlantic joint venture on flights across the North Atlantic with European carriers British Airways, Finnair, and Iberia. Aer Lingus, which shares ownership with British Airways and Iberia, has received regulatory approval to join this joint venture.[91][92] Itineraries including flights operated by Oneworld partner Alaska Airlines are sold as part of itineraries in this JV, but Alaska is not a part of the JV.[93]

Pacific Joint Business

American Airlines has a joint venture with fellow Oneworld member Japan Airlines for flights across the Pacific.[94] Combined, the airlines offer 16 daily flights to 9 cities between Japan and the United States with connections possible on Japan Airlines beyond Japan, and on American Airlines throughout North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean.[94] American Airlines has received approval to add additional service between John F. Kennedy International Airport and Haneda Airport in Tokyo, making it the only US airline flying between New York City and Tokyo and the joint venture the leader in frequencies offered between New York City and Tokyo's primary airport.[95][96][97]

Australia and New Zealand Joint Business

In 2019, American Airlines received regulatory approval to enter into a joint business relationship with Qantas covering flights between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.[98][99]

Fleet

This section is an excerpt from American Airlines fleet.[edit]
American Airbus A320 family aircraft at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport

As of September 2024, the American Airlines fleet consists of 971 mainline aircraft, making it the third-largest commercial airline fleet in the world.[100][101][102] American Airlines operates aircraft manufactured by Boeing and Airbus.

Over 80% of American's aircraft are narrow-bodies from the Airbus A320 family and the Boeing 737 family. It is the largest A320 family aircraft operator in the world, as well as the largest operator of the A319 and A321 variants.[103]

American's wide-body aircraft are all Boeing airliners; however, the majority of the airline's total fleet consists of Airbus aircraft. American Airlines is the world's largest operator of the 787-8, the smallest variant of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[104]

American exclusively ordered Boeing aircraft throughout the 2000s.[105] This strategy shifted on July 20, 2011, when American announced the largest combined aircraft order in history for 460 narrow-body jets: 260 aircraft from the Airbus A320 family and 200 Boeing 737s, consisting of 100 Boeing 737NG, 100 737 MAX, 130 Airbus A320ceo family and 130 A320neo family.[106][107] Additional Airbus aircraft joined the fleet in 2013 after the merger with US Airways, which operated a nearly all Airbus fleet.[108] As of March 2024, American has 338 aircraft on order from Airbus and Boeing.[109] In addition, an order of 20 Boom Overture supersonic aircraft had been confirmed with Boom Supersonic, with an option for an additional 40.[110]

Cabins

Flagship First and Business seats on an Airbus A321 (top and bottom, respectively)
Flagship First

Flagship First is American's international and transcontinental first class product. It is offered only on Boeing 777-300ERs and select Airbus A321s, which American designates "A321T". The seats are fully lie-flat and offer direct aisle access with only one on each side of the aisle in each row.[111] As with the airline's other premium cabins, Flagship First offers wider food and beverage options, larger seats, and lounge access at certain airports.[112] American offers domestic Flagship First service on transcontinental routes between New York–JFK and Los Angeles, New York–JFK and San Francisco, New York-JFK and Santa Ana, Boston and Los Angeles, and Miami and Los Angeles, as well as on the standard domestic route between New York-JFK and Boston.[113] The airline will debut new Flagship Suite premium seats and a revamped aircraft interior for its long-haul fleet with fresh deliveries of its Airbus A321XLR and Boeing 787-9 aircraft, beginning in 2024.[114]

Flagship Business

Flagship Business is American's international and transcontinental business class product. It is offered on all Boeing 777-200ERs, Boeing 777-300ERs, Boeing 787-8s, and Boeing 787-9s, as well as select Airbus A321s. All Flagship Business seats are fully lie-flat.[115] The amenities in Flagship Business include complimentary alcoholic/non-alcoholic beverages, multi-course meals, and lounge access.

First class and main cabin seats on a Boeing 737 MAX 8 (top and bottom, respectively)
Domestic first class

First class is offered on all domestically configured aircraft. Seats range from 19–21 inches (48–53 cm) in width and have 37–42 inches (94–107 cm) of pitch.[115] Dining options include complimentary alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages on all flights as well as standard economy snack offerings, enhanced snack basket selections on flights over 500 miles (800 km), and meals on flights 900 miles (1,400 km) or longer.[116]

Premium Economy

Premium Economy is American's economy plus product. It is offered on all widebody aircraft. The cabin debuted on the airline's Boeing 787-9s in late 2016[117] and is also available on Boeing 777-200s and -300s, and Boeing 787-8s. Premium Economy seats are wider than seats in the main cabin (American's economy cabin) and provide more amenities: Premium Economy customers get two free checked bags, priority boarding, and enhanced food and drink service, including free alcohol. This product made American Airlines the first U.S. carrier to offer a four-cabin aircraft.[115]

Main Cabin Extra

Main Cabin Extra is American's enhanced economy product. It is available on all of the mainline fleet and American Eagle aircraft.[115] Main Cabin Extra seats include greater pitch than is available in the main cabin, complimentary alcoholic beverages and boarding one group ahead of the main cabin.[118] American retained Main Cabin Extra when the new Premium Economy product entered service in late 2016.[117]

Main Cabin
American's newest Main Cabin (economy class) on an Airbus A321neo

Main Cabin (economy class) is American's economy product found on all mainline and regional aircraft in its fleet. Seats range from 17–18.5 inches (43–47 cm) in width and have 30–32 inches (76–81 cm) of pitch. American markets several rows within the main cabin immediately behind Main Cabin Extra as "Main Cabin Preferred", which requires an extra charge to select for those without status.[115]

American Airlines marketed increased legroom in economy class as "More Room Throughout Coach", also referred to as "MRTC", starting in February 2000. Two rows of economy class seats were removed on domestic narrowbody aircraft, resulting in more than half of all standard economy seats having a pitch of 34 inches (86 cm) or more.[119] Amid financial losses, this scheme was discontinued in 2004.[120]

American also offers Basic Economy, the airline's lowest main cabin fare on many routes. Basic Economy consists of a Main Cabin ticket with numerous restrictions, including waiting until check-in for a seat assignment, no upgrades or refunds, and boarding in the last group.[121] Originally Basic Economy passengers could only carry a personal item. Still, American later revised their Basic Economy policies to allow for a carry-on bag.[122]

In May 2017, American announced it would add more seats to some of its Boeing 737 MAX 8 jets and reduce overall legroom in the basic economy class. The last three rows were to lose 2 inches (5.1 cm), going from the current 31 to 29 inches (79 to 74 cm). The remainder of the main cabin was to have 30 inches (76 cm) of legroom. This "Project Oasis" seating configuration has since been expanded to all 737 MAX 8s as well as standard Boeing 737-800 and non-transcontinental Airbus A321 jets. New Airbus A321neo jets have been delivered with the same configuration. This configuration has been considered unpopular with passengers, especially American's frequent flyers, as the new seats have less padding, less legroom, and no seatback entertainment.[123][124]

Reward programs

AAdvantage

Main article: AAdvantage

AAdvantage is the frequent flyer program for American Airlines. It was launched on May 1, 1981, and remains the largest frequent flyer program, with over 115 million members as of 2021.[125] Miles accumulated in the program allow members to redeem tickets, upgrade service class, or obtain free or discounted car rentals, hotel stays, merchandise, or other products and services through partners. The most active members, based on the accumulation of Loyalty Points with American Airlines, are designated AAdvantage Gold, AAdvantage Platinum, AAdvantage Platinum Pro, and AAdvantage Executive Platinum elite members, with privileges such as separate check-in, priority upgrade, and standby processing, or free upgrades. AAdvantage status corresponds with Oneworld status levels allowing elites to receive reciprocal benefits from American's Oneworld partner airlines.[126][better source needed]

AAdvantage co-branded credit cards are also available and offer other benefits. The cards are issued by CitiCards, a subsidiary of Citigroup, Barclaycard, and Bilt card in the United States,[127] by several banks including Butterfield Bank and Scotiabank in the Caribbean,[128][129] and by Banco Santander in Brazil.[130]

AAdvantage allows one-way redemption, starting at 7,500 miles.[131]

Admirals Club

The Admirals Club was conceived by AA president C.R. Smith as a marketing promotion shortly after he was made an honorary Texas Ranger. Inspired by the Kentucky colonels and other honorary title designations, Smith decided to make particularly valued passengers "admirals" of the "Flagship fleet" (AA called its aircraft "Flagships" at the time).[132][better source needed] The list of admirals included many celebrities, politicians, and other VIPs, as well as more "ordinary" customers who had been particularly loyal to the airline.[citation needed]

There was no physical Admirals Club until shortly after the opening of LaGuardia Airport. During the airport's construction, New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia had an upper-level lounge for press conferences and business meetings. At one such press conference, he noted that the entire terminal was being offered for lease to airline tenants; after a reporter asked whether the lounge would be leased as well, LaGuardia replied that it would, and a vice president of AA immediately offered to lease the premises. The airline then procured a liquor license and began operating the lounge as the "Admirals Club" in 1939.[133]

The second Admirals Club opened at Washington National Airport. Because it was illegal to sell alcohol in Virginia at the time, the club contained refrigerators for the use of its members so they could store their liquor at the airport.[134] For many years, membership in the Admirals Club (and most other airline lounges) was by the airline's invitation. After a passenger sued for discrimination,[135] the club switched to a paid membership program in 1974.[136][137]

Flagship Lounge

Though affiliated with the Admirals Club and staffed by many of the same employees, the Flagship Lounge is a separate lounge designed explicitly for customers flying in first class and business class on international flights and transcontinental domestic flights.[138]

Corporate affairs

The key trends for American Airlines are (as of the financial year ending 31 December):[139]

Net income
(US$ m)[a] 		Number of
employees
(FTE, k)[b] 		Passenger
enplanements
(m)[a] 		Passenger
load factor
(%)[a] 		Fleet size[b] References
2015 7,610 98.9 201 83.0 946 [140]
2016 2,676 101 198 81.7 930 [141]
2017 1,919 103 194 81.9 948 [142]
2018 1,412 102 203 82.0 956 [143]
2019 1,686 104 215 84.6 942 [144]
2020 −8,885 78.3 95.3 64.1 855 [145]
2021 −1,993 96.8 165 75.3 865 [146]
2022 127 102 199 82.9 925 [147]
2023 822 103 210 83.5 965 [148]

Ownership and structure

American Airlines, Inc., is publicly traded through its parent company, American Airlines Group Inc., under NASDAQ: AAL Nasdaq: AAL, with a market capitalization of about $12 billion as of 2019, and is included in the S&P 500 index.[46]

American Eagle is a network of six regional carriers that operate under a codeshare and service agreement with American, operating flights to destinations in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Three of these carriers are independent, and three are subsidiaries of American Airlines Group: Envoy Air Inc., Piedmont Airlines, Inc., and PSA Airlines Inc.[46]

Headquarters

Image of the signs of the former headquarters

American Airlines is headquartered across several buildings in Fort Worth, Texas that it calls the "Robert L. Crandall Campus" in honor of former president and CEO Robert Crandall. The 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2), five-building office complex called was designed by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects.[149] The campus is located on 300 acres, adjacent to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, American's fortress hub.[150]

Before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City.[151][152] In 1979, American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, which affected up to 1,300 jobs. Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a "betrayal" of New York City.[153] American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas.[154] On January 17, 1983, the airline finished moving into a $150 million ($459,000,000 when adjusted for inflation), 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) facility in Fort Worth; $147 million (about $450,000,000 when adjusted for inflation) in Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport bonds financed the headquarters. The airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility.[154] Following the merger of US Airways and American Airlines, the new company consolidated its corporate headquarters in Fort Worth, abandoning the US Airways headquarters in Phoenix, AZ.

As of 2015, American Airlines is the corporation with the most significant presence in Fort Worth.[155]

In 2015, American announced it would build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016, and occupancy was completed in September 2019.[156] The airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building.[155]

It will be located on a 41-acre (17 ha) property adjacent to the airline's flight academy and conference and training center, west of Texas State Highway 360, 2 miles (3.2 km)[156] west from the current headquarters. The airline will lease 300 acres (120 ha) from Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, and this area will include the headquarters.[155] Construction of the new headquarters began after the demolition of the Sabre facility, previously on the site.[156]

The airline considered developing a new headquarters in Irving, Texas, on the old Texas Stadium site, before deciding to keep the headquarters in Fort Worth.[155]

Corporate identity

American Airlines' fourth logo, used from 1967 to 2013

In 1931, an American employee, Goodrich Murphy designed the AA logo as an entry in a logo contest. The eagle in the logo was copied from a Scottish hotel brochure.[157] The logo was redesigned by Massimo Vignelli in 1967.[158][159] Thirty years later, in 1997, American Airlines was able to make its logo Internet-compatible by buying the domain AA.com. AA is also American's two-letter IATA airline designator.[160]

On January 17, 2013, American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign with FutureBrand dubbed "A New American". This included a new logo, which includes elements of the 1967 logo.[161]

American Airlines faced difficulty obtaining copyright registration for their 2013 logo. On June 3, 2016, American Airlines sought to register it with the United States Copyright Office,[162] but in October of that year, the Copyright Office ruled that the logo was ineligible for copyright protection, as it did not pass the threshold of originality, and was thus in the public domain.[162] American requested that the Copyright Office reconsider. Still, on January 8, 2018, the Copyright Office affirmed its initial determination.[162][163] After American Airlines submitted additional materials, the Copyright Office reversed its decision on December 7, 2018, and ruled that the logo contained enough creativity to merit copyright protection.[164]

Aircraft livery

American's early liveries varied widely, but a standard livery was adopted in the 1930s, featuring an eagle painted on the fuselage.[165] The eagle became a symbol of the company and inspired the name of American Eagle Airlines. Propeller aircraft featured an international orange lightning bolt running down the length of the fuselage, which was replaced by a simpler orange stripe with the introduction of jets.[166]

In the late 1960s, American commissioned designer Massimo Vignelli to develop a new livery. The original design called for a red, white, and blue stripe on the fuselage and a simple "AA" logo, without an eagle, on the tail; instead, Vignelli created a highly stylized eagle, which remained the company's logo until January 16, 2013.[167]

American's previous livery on an MD-83 at O'Hare International Airport in May 2012

On January 17, 2013, American unveiled a new livery.[168] Before then, American had been the only major U.S. airline to leave most of its aircraft surfaces unpainted. This was because C. R. Smith would not say he liked painted aircraft and refused to use any liveries that involved painting the entire plane. Robert "Bob" Crandall later justified the distinctive natural metal finish by noting that less paint reduced the aircraft's weight, thus saving fuel costs.[169]

In January 2013, American launched a new rebranding and marketing campaign dubbed "The New American." In addition to a new logo, American Airlines introduced a new livery for its fleet. The airline calls the new livery and branding "a clean and modern update".[170] The current design features an abstract American flag on the tail, along with a silver-painted fuselage, as a throw-back to the old livery. The new design was painted by Leading Edge Aviation Services in California.[171] Doug Parker, the incoming CEO, indicated that the new livery could be short-lived, stating that "[the] only reason this is an issue now is that they just did it right in the middle [of the merger], which kind of makes it confusing, so that allows us, actually, to decide if we are going to do something different because we have so many airplanes to paint".[172] The current logo and livery have had mixed criticism, with Design Shack editor Joshua Johnson writing that they "boldly and proudly communicate the concepts of American pride and freedom wrapped into a shape that instantly makes you think about an airplane",[173] and AskThePilot.com author Patrick Smith describing the logo as a linoleum knife poking through a shower curtain'.[174] Later in January 2013, Bloomberg asked the designer of the 1968 American Airlines logo (Massimo Vignelli) on his opinion over the rebranding.[175]

Boeing 737-800 in the current livery at Boston Logan International Airport in June 2013

In the end, American let their employees decide the new livery's fate. On an internal website for employees, American posted two options, one the new livery and one a modified version of the old livery. All of the American Airlines Group employees (including US Airways and other affiliates) were able to vote.[176] American ultimately decided to keep the new look. Parker announced that American would keep a US Airways and America West heritage aircraft in the fleet, with plans to add a heritage TWA aircraft and a heritage American plane with the old livery.[177] As of September 2019, American has heritage aircraft for Piedmont, PSA, America West, US Airways, Reno Air, TWA, and AirCal in their fleet.[178] They also have two AA branded heritage 737-800 aircraft, an AstroJet N905NN,[179] and the polished aluminum livery used from 1967 to 2013, N921NN.[180]

Customer Service

American, both before and after the merger with US Airways, has consistently performed poorly in rankings. The Wall Street Journal's annual airline rankings have ranked American as the worst or second-worst U.S. carrier for ten of the past twelve years, and in the bottom three of U.S. Airlines for at least the past twelve years. The airline has persistently performed poorly in the areas of losing checked luggage and bumping passengers due to oversold flights.[181]

Worker relations

The main representatives of key groups of employees are:

Subsidiary companies

Sky Chefs

In 1942, American Airlines established Sky Chefs, a wholly-owned subsidiary, as a catering company to serve their fleet.[189] In 1986, Sky Chefs was sold to Toronto-based Onex Capital Corporation for $170 million.[189][190] Sky Chefs became a subsidiary of Onex Food Services Inc.[191][citation needed] Since 2001, it has been fully owned by the LSG Group.[192][193]

Flagship Hotels / Americana Hotels

In the late-1960s, American Airlines established the Flagship Hotels chain as a subsidiary of Sky Chefs. On July 21, 1972, American Airlines leased four hotels from the Loews Corporation, three of them branded as Americana Hotels, for a period of thirty years. American merged the hotels with their Flagship Hotels, and rebranded the entire chain as Americana Hotels.[194] In 1980, American Airlines sold Americana Hotels to Bass Brothers Enterprises of Fort Worth, Texas.[195]

Concerns and conflicts

Environmental violations

Between October 1993 to July 1998, American Airlines was repeatedly cited for using high-sulfur fuel in motor vehicles at 10 major airports around the country, a violation of the Clean Air Act.[196]

Lifetime AAirpass

Main article: AAirpass

In 1981, as a means of creating revenue in a period of loss-making, American Airlines offered a lifetime pass of unlimited travel for the initial cost of $250,000.[197][198] This entitled the pass holder to fly anywhere in the world. Twenty-eight were sold. However, after some time, the airline realized they were making losses on the tickets, with the ticketholders costing them up to $1 million each. Ticketholders were booking large numbers of flights with some ticketholders flying interstate for lunch or flying to London multiple times a month. AA raised the cost of the lifetime pass to $3 million, and then finally stopped offering it in 2003. AA then used litigation to cancel two of the lifetime offers, saying the passes "had been terminated due to fraudulent activity".[199]

Cabin fume events

  • In 1988, on American Airlines Flight 132's approach into Nashville, flight attendants notified the cockpit that there was smoke in the cabin. The flight crew in the cockpit ignored the warning, as on a prior flight, a fume event had occurred due to a problem with the auxiliary power unit. However, the smoke on Flight 132 was caused by improperly packaged hazardous materials. According to the NTSB inquiry, the cockpit crew persistently refused to acknowledge that there was a serious threat to the aircraft or the passengers, even after they were told that the floor was becoming soft and passengers had to be reseated. As a result, the aircraft was not evacuated immediately on landing, exposing the crew and passengers to the threat of smoke and fire longer than necessary.[200][201]
  • On April 11, 2007, toxic smoke and oil fumes leaked into the aircraft cabin as American Airlines Flight 843 taxied to the gate. A flight attendant who was present in the cabin subsequently filed a lawsuit against Boeing, stating that she was diagnosed with neurotoxic disorder due to her exposure to the fumes, which caused her to experience memory loss, tremors, and severe headaches. She settled with the company in 2011.[202]
  • In 2009, Mike Holland, deputy chairman for radiation and environmental issues at the Allied Pilots Association and an American Airlines pilot, said that the pilot union had started alerting pilots of the danger of contaminated bleed air, including contacting crew members that the union thinks were exposed to contamination based on maintenance records and pilot logs.[203]
  • In a January 2017 incident on American Airlines Flight 1896, seven flight attendants were hospitalized after a strange odor was detected in the cabin. The Airbus A330 involved subsequently underwent a "thorough maintenance inspection", having been involved in three fume events in three months.[204][205]
  • In August 2018, American Airlines flight attendants picketed in front of the Fort Worth company headquarters over a change in sick day policy, complaining that exposure to ill passengers, toxic uniforms, toxic cabin air, radiation exposure, and other issues were causing them to be sick.[206][207]
  • In January 2019, two pilots and three flight attendants on Flight 1897 from Philadelphia to Fort Lauderdale were hospitalized following complaints of a strange odor.[208][209]

Discrimination complaints

On October 24, 2017, the NAACP issued a travel advisory for American Airlines urging African Americans to "exercise caution" when traveling with the airline. The NAACP issued the advisory after four incidents. In one incident, a black woman was moved from first class to coach while her white traveling companion was allowed to remain in first class. In another incident, a black man was forced to give up his seats after being confronted by two unruly white passengers.[210] According to the NAACP, while they did receive complaints on other airlines, most of their complaints in the year before their advisory were on American Airlines.[211] In July 2018, the NAACP lifted their travel advisory saying that American has made improvements to mitigate discrimination and unsafe treatment of African Americans.[212]

Accidents and incidents

This section is an excerpt from List of American Airlines accidents and incidents.[edit]

As of March 2019, American Airlines has had almost sixty aircraft hull losses, beginning with the crash of an Ford 5-AT-C Trimotor in August 1931.[213][214] Of the hull losses, most were propeller driven aircraft, including three Lockheed L-188 Electra aircraft (of which one, the crash in 1959 of Flight 320, resulted in fatalities).[214] The two accidents with the highest fatalities in both the airline's and U.S. aviation history were Flight 191 in 1979 and Flight 587 in 2001.[215]

Out of the 17 hijackings of American Airlines flights, two aircraft were hijacked and destroyed in the September 11 attacks: Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, and Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon.[216] Flight 11, which is responsible for an estimated 1,700 deaths, is the deadliest air crash in the history of aviation.

There were two training flight accidents in which the crew was killed and six that resulted in no fatalities.[214] Another four jet aircraft have been written off due to incidents while they were parked between flights or while undergoing maintenance.[214]

Carbon footprint

American Airlines reported total CO2e emissions (direct and indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020, at 20,092 Kt (-21,347 /-51.5% y-o-y).[217] The company aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.[218] In November 2023, American Airlines purchased the first carbon credit contract (for 10,000 metric tons of CO2 sequestered at $100 per ton) from Graphyte, a carbon removal startup company invested in by Breakthrough Energy that compresses sawdust, tree bark, rice hulls, plant stalks, and other agricultural waste into biomass bricks wrapped in a polymer barrier to prevent decomposition that are stored underground.[219][220]

American Airline's annual total CO2e emissions - Location-based scope 1 + scope 2 (in kilotonnes)
Dec 2016 Dec 2017 Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 2020
39,254[221] 39,388[222] 40,604[223] 41,439[224] 20,092[217]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^ a b c Airline group
  2. ^ a b Mainline
References
  1. ^ a b "American Airlines". ch-aviation. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  2. ^ "7340.2F with Change 1 and Change 2 and Change 3" (PDF). Washington: Federal Aviation Administration. October 15, 2015. pp. 3–1–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  3. ^ "History of American Airlines". Fort Worth: American Airlines Group. 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  4. ^ "Airline Certificate Information – Detail View". Washington: Federal Aviation Administration. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. Certificate Number AALA025A
  5. ^ "American Airlines". ch-aviation. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  6. ^ "Corporate structure". American Airlines. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2022. Location 1 Skyview Drive Fort Worth, TX 76155
  7. ^ "American Airlines Group Inc. 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 21, 2024.
  8. ^ "American Airlines Group − About us − American Airlines". Aa.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  9. ^ "American Air signs deal to contract out some flying to SkyWest". The Associated. Yahoo! News. September 12, 2012. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  10. ^ Koenig, David; Bomkamp, Samantha (November 29, 2011). "American Airlines parent seeks Ch. 11 protection". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  11. ^ "TWA to be bought by American - Jan. 10, 2001". money.cnn.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  12. ^ Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas DC-3 Survivors, Volume 1. Bourne End, Bucks, UK: Aston Publications, 1987. ISBN 0-946627-13-4, p. 17
  13. ^ Holden, Henry. "DC-3 History" Archived September 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. dc3history.org. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
  14. ^ Waddington 2000, pp. 6–18.
  15. ^ Endres 1998, p. 16.
  16. ^ "American Orders 25 'Airbus' Jets". Archived November 4, 2021, at the Wayback Machine St. Petersburg Times, September 14, 2011.
  17. ^ Endres 1998, pp. 25–26.
  18. ^ Endres 1998, p. 28.
  19. ^ Endres 1998, p. 52.
  20. ^ "American Airlines – American company". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  21. ^ "American Airlines Named to Dow Jones Sustainability World Index – Company Announcement - FT.com". markets.ft.com.
  22. ^ Schlappig, Ben (December 6, 2019). "American Airlines Cuts Cordoba, Argentina Route". One Mile at a Time. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  23. ^ "Bound for Brisbane: American Airlines to fly Down Under next winter". American Airlines Newsroom. February 1, 2024. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  24. ^ "American Airlines Adds Dallas/Ft. Worth – Brisbane From late-Oct 2024". AeroRoutes. February 5, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  25. ^ "American American Airlines to operate SYD-LAX, Qantas returning to SFO". Australian Aviation. June 10, 2015.
  26. ^ a b c Liu, Jim (September 11, 2016). "American adds new International routes in S17". Routesonline. UBM (UK) Ltd.
  27. ^ Yeo, Ghim-Lay (February 26, 2018). "American Airlines will drop La Paz in Bolivia from its network beginning 4 July, in response to insufficient market demand". FlightGlobal. DVV Media International Limited. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  28. ^ Curley, Robert (July 30, 2019). "American Airlines ends flights to Bolivia". Business Traveller. Panacea Media Limited. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  29. ^ Liu, Jim (December 17, 2017). "American adds Miami – Bonaire service from June 2018". Routesonline. UBM (UK) Ltd.
  30. ^ a b c "American Airlines Resets International Network for Remainder of 2020 Through Summer 2021" (Press release). July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  31. ^ "American Airlines Miami – Brazil Service Changes from Feb 2016". Routesonline. Informa Markets. October 14, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  32. ^ "American Airlines stops flying between Miami and Manaus indefinitely". July 28, 2021.
  33. ^ "American Airlines Ends Porto Alegre Service in early-March 2016". Routesonline. UBM (UK) Ltd. March 1, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  34. ^ a b "American Air cancels Miami to Salvador and Recife routes". TripAdvisor. March 30, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  35. ^ "American to Shift to New Beijing Airport". October 9, 2020.
  36. ^ a b c d Liu, Jim (June 15, 2016). "American Airlines Details Planned Cuba Schedule from Sep 2016". Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  37. ^ a b c d e Díaz, Pablo (May 16, 2022). "Biden administration resumes flights to Cuban cities besides Havana". Aviacionline.
  38. ^ "American Airlines to fly from LAX to Cuba". dailynews.com. August 18, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  39. ^ Liu, Jim. "American plans late-Nov 2016 Havana launch". Routesonline. UBM (UK) Ltd. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  40. ^ a b c d Gámez Torres, Nora (October 25, 2019). "The Trump administration will end commercial flights to nine destinations in Cuba". Miami Herald. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  41. ^ "American schedules additional international routes in S19". Routesonline. UBM (UK) Ltd. October 8, 2018.
  42. ^ Loyd, Linda (August 16, 2017). "American Airlines to begin nonstop flights from PHL to Budapest and Prague and restore a daily nonstop flight to Zurich". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  43. ^ a b c "American Slashes Philadelphia Transatlantic Routes". One Mile at a Time. December 20, 2020.
  44. ^ a b c "American Airlines launching new transatlantic routes". One Mile At A Time. August 17, 2023.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g "More for 2024: American Airlines adds new routes and destinations to see the world next summer". news.aa.com. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  46. ^ "American Airlines Planning Guyana Launch in November". Caribbean Journal. May 31, 2018.
  47. ^ Schaaf, Bryan. "American Airlines to offer daily direct flights to Cap-Haitian". Haiti Innovation. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  48. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (July 1, 2020). "American Airlines reduces service to Haiti, cancels Miami-Cap-Haïtien route". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021.
  49. ^ "American Airlines Begins Nonstop Service Between Dallas/Ft. Worth and Roatan, Honduras; Increases Service Between Miami and Roatan". American Airlines Newsroom (Press release). November 23, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  50. ^ Singh, Rajesh Kumar; Shepardson, David (December 9, 2021). "American Airlines plans to reduce international flights next summer". Reuters.
  51. ^ "American Airlines plans A321neo Philadelphia – Reykjavik service from June 2021". Routes. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  52. ^ Schlappig, Ben (August 29, 2021). "American Airlines' New York To Delhi Route: Upgraded To 777-300ER". One Mile at a Time. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  53. ^ "American Airlines Uses Partnerships to Grow Its Network, Offer Customers More Choice, and Provide a Premier Travel Experience in the Northeast". news.aa.com. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  54. ^ a b c "American Airlines Adjusts International Winter Schedule" (Press release). PR Newswire Association LLC. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  55. ^ Casey, David (August 8, 2019). "American Airlines to launch first Africa route alongside Eastern Europe and Tel Aviv expansion". Routesonline. Informa Markets.
  56. ^ Chung, Christine (October 10, 2023). "American Airlines, Other Major Airlines Suspend Flights to Israel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  57. ^ Liu, Jim (August 11, 2019). "American Airlines S20 Long-Haul changes as of 11AUG19". RoutesOnline.
  58. ^ Skertic, Mark (October 1, 2005). "American Airlines to end flights to Nagoya, Japan". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  59. ^ "American Airlines To Launch Service Between Los Angeles And Tokyo Haneda In February 2016". American Airlines Investor Relations (Press release). November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  60. ^ "Connecting Customers to the Middle East and Beyond, American Airlines Announces Service to Doha, Qatar". American Airlines Newsroom. December 9, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  61. ^ "American Airlines To Begin Service From Chicago To Moscow". Новый Континент. КОНТИНЕНТ 4U. June 13, 2008.
  62. ^ Major, Brian (June 5, 2019). "American Airlines Expands St. Vincent Service". TravelPulse. Northstar Travel Media, LLC. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  63. ^ "American Airlines Launches New Daily Nonstop Service from DFW Airport to Seoul, South Korea". DFW Airport News Releases (Press release). DFW International Airport. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  64. ^ "American Airlines starts flying five times a week from Miami to Suriname". September 7, 2021.
  65. ^ "American Airlines drops Suriname again as destination -". December 7, 2022.
  66. ^ "American S19 Long-haul changes as of 04JAN19". Routes. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  67. ^ Cordova, Gilbert (August 29, 2019). "American Airlines adding three new routes to Alaska, including first-time flights to Fairbanks". www.alaskasnewssource.com. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  68. ^ "American Airlines ends Oakland service". Routes. June 2, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  69. ^ a b "AAMIAhub".
  70. ^ Liu, Jim. "American Airlines NS20 International Long-Haul changes as of 10MAR20". Routesonline. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  71. ^ "American Airlines Stops Flights To Venezuela". CBS Miami. CBS Broadcasting Inc. March 15, 2019.
  72. ^ a b Dolven, Taylor (March 15, 2019). "American Airlines stops flying to Venezuela". Miami Herald.
  73. ^ "Newsroom – Multimedia – American Airlines Group, Inc". Fort Worth: American Airlines Group. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  74. ^ "CLT :: American Airlines Newsroom". Fort Worth: American Airlines Group. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
  75. ^ "ORD :: American Airlines Newsroom". Fort Worth: American Airlines Group. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
  76. ^ a b "DFW :: American Airlines Newsroom". Fort Worth: American Airlines Group. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
  77. ^ "Los Angeles International Airport – Factsheet". Fort Worth: American Airlines Group. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
  78. ^ "MIA :: American Airlines Newsroom". Hub.aa.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  79. ^ "JFK :: American Airlines Newsroom". aa.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015.
  80. ^ "LGA :: American Airlines Newsroom". aa.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015.
  81. ^ "PHL :: American Airlines Newsroom". aa.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
  82. ^ "With JetBlue alliance over, AA shifts its focus to Philly". Travel Weekly.
  83. ^ "Loss of a corporate headquarters may cost Phoenix jobs, prestige". Dallas News. February 15, 2013. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  84. ^ "DCA :: American Airlines Newsroom". aa.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
  85. ^ "Partner airlines". Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  86. ^ "LEVEL, American Airlines resumes Codeshare Agreement". Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
  87. ^ "American Airlines Begins Philippine Airlines Codeshare From mid-Dec 2023". AeroRoutes. December 4, 2023.
  88. ^ "American Airlines Launching Codeshares With Vueling". December 21, 2019. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
  89. ^ "About us, American Airlines Group, Business Agreements, Joint Business Agreement". aa.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  90. ^ "Aer Lingus and American Airlines expand codeshare agreement". Business Traveller. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  91. ^ "DOT approves Aer Lingus addition to Oneworld transatlantic joint venture". Business Traveller. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  92. ^ Airways, British. "ATLANTIC JOINT BUSINESS PARTNERS ANNOUNCE NEW ROUTES BETWEEN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA FOR SUMMER 2022". mediacentre.britishairways.com. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  93. ^ a b "Japan Airlines and American Airlines Joint Service". jal.co.jp. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  94. ^ Villamizar, Helwing (January 27, 2024). "American Obtains Tentative Approval for JFK-Tokyo Haneda Nonstop Service". Airways. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  95. ^ "American Airlines Gets Tentative Approval for New York-JFK to Tokyo Flights". aeroxplorer.com. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  96. ^ Miller, Seth (January 27, 2024). "American snags slots for JFK-Haneda service". PaxEx.Aero. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  97. ^ "American Airlines and Qantas Receive Final Approval to Form Joint Business". American Airlines. July 19, 2019. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  98. ^ Shepardson, David (July 20, 2019). "American Airlines-Qantas joint venture wins final U.S. approval". Reuters.
  99. ^ "American Airlines fleet details". flightradar24.com. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  100. ^ "Delta Air Lines Fleet details". flightradar24.com. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  101. ^ "United Airlines Fleet Details". flightradar24.com. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  102. ^ "Airbus Order and Deliveries" (PDF). Airbus. August 31, 2023.
  103. ^ Nayar, Abhishek (June 9, 2023). "American Airlines Becomes the Largest Boeing 787-8 Operator in the World". 100 Knots. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  104. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca (March 23, 2019). "Boeing Was 'Go, Go, Go' to Beat Airbus With the 737 Max". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  105. ^ "AMR Corporation Announces Largest Aircraft Order in History With Boeing and Airbus" (Press release). American Airlines. July 20, 2011. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017.
  106. ^ Memmott, Mark (July 20, 2011). "American Airlines Places 'Largest Aircraft Order In Aviation History'". NPR. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  107. ^ "US Airways Fleet Details and History". Planespotters.net. January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  108. ^ "American Airlines places orders for Airbus, Boeing and Embraer aircraft". American Airlines Newsroom (Press release). March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  109. ^ "American Airlines Announces Agreement to Purchase Boom Supersonic Overture Aircraft, Places Deposit on 20 Overtures". Boom Supersonic. August 16, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  110. ^ Schlappig, Ben (December 29, 2014). "AA International First Class Review". One Mile at a Time. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  111. ^ Martin, Hugo (January 12, 2018). "American Airlines' new lounge for elite fliers at LAX includes a Bloody Mary bar". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  112. ^ "SeatGuru Seat Map American Airlines". www.seatguru.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  113. ^ "American Airlines Introduces New Flagship Suite® Seats". Web Archive. September 21, 2022. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  114. ^ a b c d e "American Airlines Planes, Fleet and Seat Maps". www.seatguru.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  115. ^ "Premium dining − Travel information − American Airlines". www.aa.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  116. ^ a b Dwyer-Lindgren, Jeremy. "Now flying on American: Real international-style premium economy seats". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  117. ^ Schlappig, Ben (March 7, 2020). "Review: American Airlines Main Cabin Extra 737". One Mile at a Time. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  118. ^ "American Air to Put More Room in Coach". The New York Times. February 4, 2000. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  119. ^ Sanburn, Josh (March 2, 2012). "American Airlines Offering More Legroom ... For a Price". Time. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  120. ^ Martín, Hugo (February 25, 2017). "United and American Airlines to board basic economy passengers last". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  121. ^ Zumbach, Lauren (July 26, 2018). "American Airlines will let basic economy passengers travel with carry-on bags". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  122. ^ Ostrower, Jon (May 3, 2017). "American Airlines is cutting more legroom in economy class". CNN Money. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  123. ^ "American Airlines President: Squeezing More Seats into Boeing 737s is "A Real Success"". December 24, 2019.
  124. ^ "AAdvantage Celebrates 40 Years of Loyalty Innovation". news.aa.com. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  125. ^ oneworld Alliance Archived December 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Aa.com (October 1, 2010). Retrieved on November 4, 2010.
  126. ^ "AAdvantage credit cards − AAdvantage program − American Airlines". www.aa.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  127. ^ "Butterfield / AAdvantage MasterCard - Benefits - American Airlines". www.aa.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  128. ^ "Scotiabank / AAdvantage cards - Benefits - American Airlines". www.aa.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  129. ^ "Cartões de crédito AAdvantage no Brasil – Programa AAdvantage – American Airlines". www.aa.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  130. ^ "American Airlines AAdvantage Points". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  131. ^ Li, Lucy. "Ultimate Guide to Admirals Club". LoungeBuddy. LoungeBuddy, Inc. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  132. ^ Turell, Claire (March 18, 2019). "The Admirals Club guide". Blacklane Blog. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  133. ^ Airlines, American (March 22, 2024). "Admirals Club History". FlyerTalk. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  134. ^ "Toward Equality for VIPs". Time. July 15, 1966. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  135. ^ Bongartz, Roy (March 17, 1974). "Thanks to One Stubborn Man, Everyone Can Be an Airport V.I.P." The New York Times. p. 1, § 10. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
  136. ^ American Airlines, Inc., 64 C.A.B. 555 Archived December 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine (1974).
  137. ^ Satchell, Arlene (November 16, 2017). "American's Flagship Lounge at MIA opens Tuesday for first-class, business travelers". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  138. ^ "American Airlines - Corporate News". AA. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  139. ^ "American Airlines Group Reports 2015 Full Year Profit". American Airlines. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  140. ^ "American Airlines Group Reports 2016 Full Year Profit". American Airlines. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  141. ^ "American Airlines Reports Full-Year 2017 Financial Results". American Airlines. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  142. ^ "American Airlines Reports Full-Year 2018 Financial Results". American Airlines. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  143. ^ "American Airlines Reports Full-Year 2019 Financial Results". American Airlines. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  144. ^ "American Airlines Reports Full-Year 2020 Financial Results". American Airlines. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  145. ^ "American Airlines Reports Full-Year 2021 Financial Results". American Airlines. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  146. ^ "American Airlines Reports Full-Year 2022 Financial Results". American Airlines. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  147. ^ "American Airlines reports fourth-quarter and full-year 2023 financial results". American Airlines. January 25, 2024.
  148. ^ "American Airlines Robert L. Crandall Campus". Corps Best American Airlines Corporate Office LLC. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  149. ^ Arnold, Kyle (September 23, 2019). "American Airlines unveils new $350 million headquarters in Fort Worth". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  150. ^ World Airline Directory. Flight International. March 20, 1975. "472". Archived December 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  151. ^ "Flatiron / Gramercy / Murray Hill / Union Square: Manhattan Neighborhood Map". Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine About.com. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  152. ^ Sterba, James P. "American Will Shift Headquarters From Manhattan to Dallas Airport; Big Economies Predicted". Archived April 30, 2018, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. Thursday November 16, 1978. Page A1. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  153. ^ a b "American Airlines Finishes Moving into Headquarters Monday". Archived September 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Associated Press at Ocala Star-Banner. January 16, 1983. 6A. Google News 4 of 62. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  154. ^ a b c d Hethcock, Bill (October 22, 2015). "American Airlines will build new headquarters in Fort Worth". bizjournals.com. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  155. ^ a b c "American to build new headquarters in Fort Worth". WFAA. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  156. ^ "Tales From an Era When Airlines Knew Good Design". Wired. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  157. ^ "Vignelli Associates About the AA Logo". Vignelli.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  158. ^ James, Nancy (December 26, 2023). "American Airlines Vs Delta: Seating, Dining, Loyalty Programs And More". Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  159. ^ "Current Airline Members". Iata.org. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  160. ^ Wilson, Mark (January 22, 2013). "American Airlines Rebrands Itself, And America Along With It". Fast Company. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  161. ^ "US Copyright Office Says What We're All Thinking: American Airlines Lacks Creativity – One Mile at a Time". One Mile at a Time. January 25, 2018. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  162. ^ "Re: Registration Decision Regarding American Airlines Flight Symbol; Correspondence ID 1-28H4ZFK; SR 1-3537494381" (PDF). United States Copyright Office. December 7, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
  163. ^ "American Airlines Unveils New Logo and Livery". Airlines and Destinations. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  164. ^ "Boeing 707 Jet Airliner Non-Stop Service between New York City and Los Angeles", Boeing Magazine 30 (1958), 66.
  165. ^ "Why Is American Airlines Changing Its Stripes?". Condé Nast Traveler. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  166. ^ "American Airlines unveils new logo, livery". Chicago Tribune. January 17, 2013. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  167. ^ "Delta, Air Canada Among Carriers Weighing Benefit of Paint Stripping". Industry.bnet.com. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  168. ^ "Becoming a new American". American Airlines. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  169. ^ "American Airlines Debuts New, Modern Look". American Airlines Newsroom. January 13, 2013. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
  170. ^ King, Eric. (March 28, 2013) American Airline's New Livery Soon Could Become Its Old Look | NBC 5 Dallas–Fort Worth Archived March 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Nbcdfw.com. Retrieved on July 18, 2013.
  171. ^ Johnson, Joshua (January 23, 2013). "Check Out the New American Airlines Logo". Design Shack. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  172. ^ Smith, Patrick (January 6, 2014). "The New American Airlines Livery". AskThePilot.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  173. ^ Mayo, Keenan (January 19, 2013). "Q&A: Original American Airlines Designer Massimo Vignelli on the Redesigned Logo" (Web). Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  174. ^ Maxon, Terry (December 16, 2013). "Doug Parker to let American Airlines employees decide whether to keep the new AA tail". Dallas News. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  175. ^ Heinz, Frank (January 2, 2014). "American Airlines Employees Vote to Keep New Livery". NBC. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  176. ^ Yerman, Jordan (December 3, 2015). "[PHOTOS] Heritage Livery Flies Again in American Airlines' Retro Rollout". APEX. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  177. ^ Ewing, Ryan (June 5, 2017). "Photos: American Rolls out New AstroJet-Themed Boeing 737-800". AirlineGeeks.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  178. ^ Ewing, Ryan (December 14, 2017). "American Quietly Adds Polished Aluminum Retro Livery to a Boeing 737-800". AirlineGeeks.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  179. ^ Gilbertson, Dawn; Pohle, Allison (January 18, 2023). "The Best and Worst Airlines of 2022". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023.
  180. ^ "Airlines Pilot Association". Archived from the original on April 12, 2003. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  181. ^ "Envoy Air – ALPA". alpa.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  182. ^ "American Airlines flight attendants to get bigger pay raises after all". The Dallas Morning News. December 18, 2014. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  183. ^ Josephs, Leslie (November 1, 2019). "Largest US flight attendant union targets Delta cabin crews". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  184. ^ "American CEO says contract proposals to ground workers to have "double-digit" pay increases". Star-telegram.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  185. ^ "American Airlines customer service and gate agents approve new labor contract". The Dallas Morning News. November 30, 2015. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  186. ^ "PAFCA – AAL – PAFCA American Airlines, AAL PAFCA". Retrieved August 12, 2024.
  187. ^ a b "Chef Solutions, Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories – via Encyclopedia.com.
  188. ^ "Sky Chefs' Sale". The New York Times. Reuters. January 15, 1986.
  189. ^ Jones, Peter, ed. (2004). Flight Catering. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9781136402906.
  190. ^ "COMPANY NEWS; LUFTHANSA TO ACQUIRE A STAKE IN SKY CHEFS CATERING". The New York Times. Bloomberg News. March 30, 2001.
  191. ^ "Lufthansa takes over Sky Chefs". The Caterer. June 14, 2001.
  192. ^ Bedingfield, Robert E. (July 21, 1972). "American Airlines in Loews Hotel Pact". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  193. ^ "Chairman of Americana Hotels Steps Down". Chicago Tribune. January 18, 1985.
  194. ^ "American Airlines Will Make Clean Air Improvements at Logan Airport Reports to EPA the Use of Illegal High Sulfur Fuel in Motor Vehicles". United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 19, 1999. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  195. ^ "The men who took 10,000 flights". The Hustle. April 7, 2018. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  196. ^ Rothstein, Caroline (July 22, 2019). "The Man with the Golden Airline Ticket". Narratively. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  197. ^ "'Free'quent flier has wings clipped after American Airlines takes away his unlimited pass". New York Post. May 13, 2012. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  198. ^ Chute, Rebecca D.; Wiener, Earl L. (1996). "Cockpit-cabin communication: II. Shall we tell the pilots?". The International Journal of Aviation Psychology. 6 (3): 211–231. doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0603_1. ISSN 1050-8414. PMID 11540138. S2CID 11191665. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  199. ^ Cross, Jamie (2012). "Sources of friction" (PDF). AeroSafety World. pp. 32–35. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Flightsafety.org.
  200. ^ Gold, Jim (October 6, 2011). "Boeing suit settlement stirs jetliner air safety debate". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 11, 2019.
  201. ^ Nassauer, Sarah (July 30, 2009). "Up in the Air: New Worries About 'Fume Events' on Planes". The Wall Street Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  202. ^ Haines, Gavin (January 4, 2017). "'Fume event' hospitalises American Airlines crew in latest incident concerning cabin air". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019.
  203. ^ "American Airlines Jet Has 3rd Fume Incident in 3 Months, 7 Flight Attendants Transported to Hospital and Released", ABC News, January 3, 2017. Archived February 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
  204. ^ American Airlines flight attendants are gearing up for battle over the company's 'punitive' new attendance policy Archived February 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Business Insider, August 31, 2018
  205. ^ American Airlines flight attendants to picket headquarters Thursday Archived August 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, August 29, 2018, Chicago Business Journal
  206. ^ American Airlines pilots, flight attendants fall ill on Philadelphia to Florida flight Archived January 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, January 11, 2019
  207. ^ Five American Airlines staffers hospitalized after noticing 'odor' on plane Archived January 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Fox News, January 10, 2019
  208. ^ The NAACP issues travel advisory for American Airlines, warning black passengers of 'disturbing incidents' Archived January 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, PBS, October 25, 2017
  209. ^ NAACP: Most complaints about American Airlines. What can brands learn? Archived January 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, USA Today, October 25, 2017
  210. ^ NAACP lifts travel advisory against American Airlines Archived January 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, PBS, July 17, 2018
  211. ^ "American Airways safety occurrences". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
  212. ^ a b c d "American Airlines safety occurrences". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
  213. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Geographical regions > United States of America air safety profile". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on October 27, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  214. ^ Paul Joseph, ed. (2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE Publications. p. 1533. ISBN 978-1-4833-5988-5. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  215. ^ a b "American Airlines Group Inc.'s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2021. Alt URL Archived November 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  216. ^ "Net zero carbon emissions by 2050". Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  217. ^ Ballard, Ed; Ramkumar, Amrith (November 28, 2023). "The Newest Airline Climate Solution? Burying Sawdust". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  218. ^ "Graphyte signs first carbon removal purchase agreement with American Airlines 10,000 tons of carbon dioxide removal will be delivered using new Carbon Casting technology" (Press release). PR Newswire. November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  219. ^ "American Airlines Group Inc.'s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2021. Alt URL Archived November 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  220. ^ "American Airlines Group Inc.'s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2021. Alt URL Archived November 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  221. ^ "American Airlines Group Inc.'s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2021. Alt URL Archived November 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  222. ^ "American Airlines Group Inc.'s ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2021. Alt URL Archived November 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

Read other articles:

Kroisan coklat

Kroisan coklat sebelum dipanggang Kroisan coklat atau pain au chocolat (pengucapan bahasa Prancis: [pɛ̃ o ʃɔkɔla] ( simak), secara harfiah berarti roti dengan coklat), juga dikenal sebagai coklatina (diucapkan [ʃɔkɔlatin] ( simak) ) di bagian barat daya Perancis dan di bagian Kanada yang berbahasa Perancis, atau couque au chocolat di Belgia, adalah sejenis kue Viennoiserie yang terdiri dari sepotong adonan b eragi berbentuk kubus, teksturnya mirip dengakue gembung ...

 

 

العلاقات الغابونية القطرية

العلاقات الغابونية القطرية الغابون قطر   الغابون   قطر تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الغابونية القطرية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الغابون وقطر.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة الغابون قط...

 

 

Delaware Historical Society

State historical society of the United States Delaware Historical SocietyLogo of the Delaware Historical SocietyLocation in DelawareEstablished1864 (1864)Location504 N. Market Street, Wilmington, DelawareCoordinates39°44′34″N 75°33′01″W / 39.742785°N 75.550382°W / 39.742785; -75.550382TypeHistoryDirectorDavid Young, Ph.D.PresidentMargaret Laird, Ph.D.Public transit access DART First State bus: 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 25, 35, 52Websitedeh...

Akondroplasia

Akondroplasia adalah gangguan tulang yang berdampak pada kelainan pertumbuhan.[1][2] Akondroplasia termasuk dalam karakter kekerdilan di mana penderitanya akan mengalami hambatan dalam pertumbuhan sehingga memiliki tubuh yang pendek saat dewasa.[1][2][3] Akondroplasia merupakan penyakit yang diturunkan secara genetik lewat gen dominan.[2][3] Sebab Potongan lukisan Las Meninas oleh Diego Velázquez (1656) yang memperlihatkan Maribarbola d...

 

 

2020 Montana gubernatorial election

American election For related races, see 2020 United States gubernatorial elections. 2020 Montana gubernatorial election ← 2016 November 3, 2020 2024 → Turnout81.33%6.89[1]   Nominee Greg Gianforte Mike Cooney Party Republican Democratic Running mate Kristen Juras Casey Schreiner Popular vote 328,548 250,860 Percentage 54.43% 41.56% County results Precinct resultsGianforte:      40–50%      50–6...

 

 

Chef de l'opposition officielle (Royaume-Uni)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Chef de l'opposition. Chef de l'opposition officielle(en) Leader of His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition Armoiries royales du Royaume-Uni Titulaire actuelKeir Starmerdepuis le 4 avril 2020(3 ans, 11 mois et 25 jours) Création 1er juillet 1939 (officielle) Titre Le Très honorable Premier titulaire William Grenville Site internet labour.org.uk modifier  Le chef de la très loyale opposition de Sa Majesté (en anglais : Leader of His M...

Xinzheng

Xinzheng 新郑市SinchengKota setingkat countyPagoda di Xinzheng dengan arsitektur Soviet di belakangnyaLokasinya di ZhengzhouKoordinat (Pemerintah Kota Xinzheng): 34°23′47″N 113°44′25″E / 34.3964°N 113.7402°E / 34.3964; 113.7402Koordinat: 34°23′47″N 113°44′25″E / 34.3964°N 113.7402°E / 34.3964; 113.7402NegaraRepublik Rakyat TiongkokProvinsiHenanKota setingkat prefekturZhengzhouLuas[1] • Total873&...

 

 

State Theatre (State College, Pennsylvania)

The State TheatreAddress130 West College AvenueState College, Pennsylvania United StatesOwnerThe State Theatre, Inc.OperatorThe State Theatre, Inc.Capacity554Current useCommunity theatre (since 2006)OpenedOctober 15, 1938Websitewww.thestatetheatre.org The State Theatre is a 554-seat non-profit community theatre in State College, Pennsylvania.[1] It currently operates as one of the cultural hubs of music, cinema, and live performances for downtown State College and the Centre Coun...

 

 

Население Татарстана

Численность населения республики по данным Росстата составляет 4 003 016[1] чел. (2024). Татарстан занимает 8-е место по численности населения среди субъектов Российской Федерации[2]. Плотность населения — 59,00 чел./км² (2024). Городское население — 76,72[3] % (20...

The Thousand Musketeers

2018 video game The Thousand Noble Musketeers千銃士(Senjūshi) GameDeveloperLine GamesMarvelous EntertainmentPlatformAndroid, iOSReleasedJP: March 2018 MangaIllustrated byMiki DaichiPublished byKadokawa ShotenMagazineYoung AceDemographicSeinenOriginal runJune 2018 – December 2019Volumes2 Anime television seriesDirected byKen'ichi KasaiProduced bySachi KawamotoTakumi KohamaJunichi Takagi[a]Ayako Itō[b]Written byTakashi AoshimaMusic byHiroshi ...

 

 

國民陣線

国民阵线Barisan NasionalNational Frontباريسن ناسيونلபாரிசான் நேசனல்国民阵线标志简称国阵，BN主席阿末扎希总秘书赞比里署理主席莫哈末哈山总财政希山慕丁副主席魏家祥维纳斯瓦兰佐瑟古律创始人阿都拉萨成立1973年1月1日 (1973-01-01)[1]设立1974年7月1日 (1974-07-01)前身 联盟总部 马来西亚  吉隆坡 50480 秋傑区敦依斯迈路太子世贸中心（英�...

 

 

1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final

Football match1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finalMatch programme coverEvent1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Mallorca Lazio 1 2 Date19 May 1999VenueVilla Park, BirminghamMan of the MatchChristian Vieri (Lazio)[1]RefereeGünter Benkö (Austria)[2]Attendance33,021← 1998 The 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final was a football match between Mallorca of Spain and Lazio of Italy played on 19 May 1999 at Villa Park, Birmingham, England. It was the final match of the 1998–99 season of...

Harsin

City in Kermanshah province, Iran For the administrative division of Kermanshah province, see Harsin County. For the village in Hormozgan province, see Harsin. For the village in Kurdistan province, see Harsin. City in Kermanshah, IranHarsin Persian: هرسينCityEshaqvand rock tombsHarsinCoordinates: 34°16′22″N 47°35′15″E / 34.27278°N 47.58750°E / 34.27278; 47.58750[1]CountryIranProvinceKermanshahCountyHarsinDistrictCentralEstablished550 BCPopulat...

 

 

Pier Gerlofs Donia

Pier Gerlofs DoniaBerkuasa1515–1519IstriRintze Syrtsema Pier Gerlofs Donia (c.1480 – 1520) adalah prajurit, bajak laut dan pemberontak Frisia. Ia terkenal dengan julukan Frisia Baratnya Grutte Pier (Greate Pier pada pengejaan Frisia Lama), atau dalam bahasa Belanda Grote Pier dan Lange Pier, atau pada bahasa Latin, Pierius Magnus, yang merujuk pada legendanya dan kekuatannya. Pranala luar Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Pier Gerlofs Donia. A web page containing l...

 

 

Dinastía Flavia

Dinastía Flavia Etnicidad Romana Origen(es) Gens Flavia Títulos Emperador RomanoGobernante en Imperio romano Fundación 69Destitución 96MiembrosFundador VespasianoÚltimo gobernante Domiciano[editar datos en Wikidata] Por dinastía Flavia se conoce una familia de emperadores romanos, que comprendió a tres gobernantes que ocuparon el trono 27 años, lo que hizo de ella la más corta de las dinastías de emperadores romanos, al igual que la de los emperadores ilirios. Los tres per...

Pédale d'expression

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Pédale d'effet, Pédale de piano ou Expression (orgue). Pédale d'expression Korg CX-3, avec son câble jack permettant de la relier à un appareil ou un instrument. Une pédale d'expression est un objet permettant de modifier un paramètre d'un instrument de musique numérique ou d'un effet audio en le contrôlant avec le pied. Elle apparaît sur les orgues au XIXe siècle pour en modifier le volume[1]. Avec l'invention des instruments électromécaniques et...

 

 

Associated-Rediffusion

Former ITV weekday service for London This article is about an ITV television company. For other uses of the Rediffusion brand, see Rediffusion. Not to be confused with Associated Television. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Associated-Rediffusion – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ...

 

 

Muraena

Genus of fishes MuraenaTemporal range: Late Miocene to Present[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Muraena helena Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Anguilliformes Family: Muraenidae Subfamily: Muraeninae Genus: MuraenaLinnaeus, 1758 Type species Muraena helena[2]Linnaeus, 1758 Species See text. Muraena is a genus of twelve species of large eels in the family Muraenidae. This genus is common in the Mediter...

Qataban

Ancient Yemeni kingdom For the language, see Qatabanian language. Qatabān𐩤𐩩𐩨𐩬 (Qatabanian)Early 1st millennium BCE–Late 1st or late 2nd century CEQatabān in 100 BCECapitalTimnaCommon languagesQatabanianReligion South Arabian polytheismDemonym(s)QatabanianGovernmentKingdomHistorical eraIron AgeClassical Antiquity• Established Early 1st millennium BCE• Disestablished Late 1st or late 2nd century CE Succeeded by Ḥimyar Ḥaḍramawt Today part ofYemen Qa...

 

 

Meistaraflokkur 1951

Meistaraflokkur 1951 Competizione Meistaraflokkur Sport Calcio Edizione 40ª Organizzatore KSI Luogo  Islanda Partecipanti 5 Risultati Vincitore ÍA(1º titolo) Cronologia della competizione 1950 1952 Manuale La Meistaraflokkur 1951 fu la 40ª edizione del campionato di calcio islandese concluso con la vittoria del ÍA al suo primo titolo. Indice 1 Formula 2 Squadre partecipanti 3 Classifica finale 3.1 Verdetti 4 Collegamenti esterni Formula Nessuna modifica rispetto alla stagione prece...