Aluminothermic reaction

An aluminothermic reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake.
Video of aluminothermic reaction to make stainless steel from iron ore

Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of alloys of iron.[1] The most prominent example is the thermite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself:

Fe2O3 + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3

This specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of aluminothermic reactions, the production of ferroalloys. For the production of iron, a cheaper reducing agent, coke, is used instead via the carbothermic reaction.

History

Aluminothermy started from the experiments of Russian scientist Nikolay Beketov at the University of Kharkiv in Ukraine, who proved that aluminium restored metals from their oxides under high temperatures. The reaction was first used for the carbon-free reduction of metal oxides. The reaction is highly exothermic, but it has a high activation energy since strong interatomic bonds in the solids must be broken first. The oxide was heated with aluminium in a crucible in a furnace. The runaway reaction made it possible to produce only small quantities of material. Hans Goldschmidt improved the aluminothermic process between 1893 and 1898, by igniting the mixture of fine metal oxide and aluminium powder by a starter reaction without heating the mixture externally. The process was patented in 1898 and used extensively in the later years for rail track welding.

Applications

The aluminothermic reaction is used for the production of several ferroalloys, for example ferroniobium from niobium pentoxide and ferrovanadium from iron, vanadium(V) oxide, and aluminium.[1][2] The process begins with the reduction of the oxide by the aluminium:

3 V2O5 + 10 Al → 5 Al2O3 + 6 V

Other metals can be produced from their oxides in the same way.[3][4][5]

Aluminothermic reactions have been used for welding rail tracks on-site, useful for complex installations or local repairs that cannot be done using continuously welded rail. Another common use is the welding of copper cables (wire) for use in direct burial (grounding/earthing) applications. It is still the only type of electrical connection recognized by the IEEE (IEEE, Std 80–2001) as continuous un-spliced cable.

Rail track welding by thermite

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Rudolf Fichte. "Ferroalloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_305. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  2. ^ Claude Dufresne and Ghislain Goyette. "The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec Mine MINE 1981-2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
  3. ^ Davis, Joseph R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-496-2.
  4. ^ Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2006). Chemical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-60525-5.
  5. ^ Wang, L. L.; Munir Z. A.; Maximov,Y. M. (1993). "Thermite reactions: their utilization in the synthesis and processing of materials". Journal of Materials Science. 28 (14): 3693–3708. Bibcode:1993JMatS..28.3693W. doi:10.1007/BF00353167. S2CID 96981164.

Read other articles:

Fernando Caldeiro

Fernando CaldeiroLahir(1958-06-12)12 Juni 1958Buenos Aires, ArgentinaMeninggal3 Oktober 2009(2009-10-03) (umur 51)League City, Texas, ASKebangsaanAmerika SerikatPekerjaanInsinyurKarier luar angkasaAntariksawan NASASeleksiNASA Astronaut Group 16 (1996)MisiTidak ada Fernando Frank Caldeiro (12 Juni 1958 – 3 Oktober 2009)[1] adalah seorang ilmuwan Amerika Serikat kelahiran Argentina dan antariksawan NASA. Kematian Caldeiro wafat pada 3 Oktober 2009 setelah 2½ tahun...

 

Hak asasi manusia di Kamboja

Kamboja Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri Politik dan KetatanegaraanKerajaan Kamboja Monarki Raja Norodom Sihamoni Dewan Takhta Wangsa Norodom Wangsa Sisowath (1904–41) Pemerintahan Perdana Menteri (daftar) Hun Sen Wakil Perdana Menteri Sar Kheng Tea Banh Hor Namhong Men Sam An Bin Chhin Yim Chhaily Kong Sam Ol Kabinet Parlemen Senat Presiden: Say Chhum Majelis Nasional Presiden: Heng Samrin Pemilihan umum Komite Pemilihan Umum Nasional Pemilihan umum terakhir Majelis Nasional: 20132018 S...

 

羅生門 (電影)

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2018年3月17日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：羅生門 (電影) — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 �...

SD Negeri Beji 4

SD Negeri Beji 4InformasiDidirikan10 November 1979JenisNegeriAkreditasiANomor Statistik Sekolah101020528008Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20228636Kepala SekolahIka Mulyati S.PdRentang kelasI, II, III, IV, V, VIKurikulumKurikulum 2013StatusSekolah Standar NasionalAlamatLokasiJalan Pakis №1, Beji, Kec. Beji, Depok, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaTel./Faks.(021) 77202289Situs webSitus [email protected] SD Negeri Beji 4 adalah sebuah sekolah dasar negeri yang terletak di Beji, Kec...

 

Andrea Aguilera

Andrea AguileraLahirAndrea Victoria Aguilera Paredes27 April 2001 (umur 22)Ventanas, Los Ríos, EkuadorNama lainAndrea AguileraAlmamaterUniversity of Armed Forces (ESPE)PekerjaanModelRatu kecantikanTinggi1,80 m (5 ft 11 in)Pemenang kontes kecantikanGelar Reina de Ventanas 2018 Reina de Los Ríos 2019 Miss Earth Ecuador — Fire 2019 Miss Grand Los Ríos 2021 Miss Grand Ekuador 2021 Miss Supranational Ekuador 2023 Miss Supranational 2023Warna rambutCokelatWarna mataCo...

 

Pilosa

Pilosa Yurumi TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasMammaliaSuperordoXenarthraOrdoPilosa Flower, 1883 Famili Vermilingua Cyclopedidae Myrmecophagidae Folivora Bradypodidae Choloepodidae †Megalocnidae †Megalonychidae †Megatheriidae †Nematheriidae †Mylodontidae †Nothrotheriidae †Orophodontidae †Scelidotheriidae lbs Pilosa adalah sebuah ordo di bawah kelas mamalia. Ordo ini merupakan mamalia berplasenta asli Amerika yang mencakup tenggiling dan kungkang, termasuk kungkang ta...

Gadsden, Alabama

Gadsden, AlabamaKotaNegara Amerika SerikatNegara bagianlbs Negara bagian AlabamaMontgomery (ibu kota)Topik Sejarah Geografi Orang Pemerintah Gubernur Wakil gubernur Kawasan Metropolitan Tempat wisata Landmark Nasional Bersejarah Wilayah Atlantic Coastal Plain Birmingham District Black Belt Central Alabama Cumberland Plateau Greater Birmingham Gulf Coastal Plain Lower Alabama Mobile Bay North Alabama Northeast Alabama Northwest Alabama Piedmont Ridge and Valley River Region South Ala...

 

ضريح محمد قريشي غزنك

ضريح محمد قريشي غزنكمعلومات عامةنوع المبنى ضريحالمكان غزنك[1][2][3] المنطقة الإدارية مقاطعة آمل[1][2][3] البلد  إيرانأبرز الأحداثالافتتاح الرسمي القرن 19[2] الصفة التُّراثيَّةتصنيف تراثي المعالم الوطنية الإيرانية[1][2] (2003 – ) ارتفاع المبن�...

 

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting

Questa voce sull'argomento reti televisive è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. IRIB Paese Iran Nomi precedenti National Iranian Radio and Television (1966-1979) Data di lancio 1926 (radio) 1958 (televisione) L'Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (in breve IRIB, in italiano Radio Televisione della Repubblica Islamica dell'Iran), è la tv di stato iraniana. Poiché in Iran la radio e la tv ...

Saarbahn

German light rail system SaarbahnOverviewLocaleSaarland, GermanyTransit typeStadtbahn/Tram-trainNumber of lines1Number of stations43WebsiteSaarbahn GmbHOperationBegan operation24 October 1997[1]Operator(s)Stadtbahn Saar GmbHTechnicalSystem length44.0 km (27.3 mi)[2]Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeMinimum radius of curvature19 m (62 ft)Electrification750 V DC + 15 kV  16+2⁄3 Hz AC overhe...

 

The Beach Boys live performances

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Beach Boys live performances – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and ...

 

1976 Formula One season

30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing 1976 Formula One season Drivers' Champion: James HuntConstructors' Champion: Ferrari Previous 1975 Next 1977 Races by countryRaces by venue Briton James Hunt won the World Championship of Drivers, driving for McLaren Niki Lauda (pictured in 1975) was runner up by one point, driving for Ferrari The 1976 Formula One season was the 30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1976 World Championship of Drivers[1] and the 1976 In...

Les Astres FC

Cameroonian football club Football clubLes AstresFull nameLes Astres Football Club de DoualaNickname(s)les Brésiliens de Bépanda (the Brazilians from Bépanda)[1]Founded2002GroundStade de la RéunificationDouala, CameroonCapacity39,000ManagerNicolas TonyèLeagueElite One201815th Home colours Away colours Les Astres FC de Douala is a Cameroonian professional football club based in Douala. It is a member of the Cameroonian Football Federation. Honours Cameroon Première Division Runne...

 

Charles FitzRoy-Scudamore

British politician Charles FitzRoy-Scudamore (c. 1713 – 22 August 1782) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons for 49 years from 1733 to 1782. Holme Lacy House Born Charles FitzRoy, he was the illegitimate son of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, and was educated at Westminster School from 1721 to 1730. He married Frances Scudamore in 1744 after her divorce from Henry Somerset, 3rd Duke of Beaufort, in 1743. She was the only child and heir of James Scudamore, 3rd Visco...

 

طركونة

  Tarragonaطركونة (بالكتالونية: Tarragona)‏[1]  طركونة طركونة  خريطة الموقع تاريخ التأسيس 1834  تقسيم إداري البلد  إسبانيا[2][3] عاصمة لـ مقاطعة طركونة  المنطقة كتالونيا المسؤولون المقاطعة طركونة خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 41°07′03″N 1°15′10″E / 41.1175°N 1.25277777...

William Scoresby

English Arctic explorer and whaler (1789–1857) For other uses, see William Scoresby (disambiguation). William ScoresbyFRS FRSEBorn(1789-10-05)5 October 1789Cropton, Yorkshire, EnglandDied21 March 1857(1857-03-21) (aged 67)Torquay, Devon, EnglandAlma materQueens' College, CambridgeEdinburgh UniversityKnown forArctic exploration William Scoresby FRS FRSE (5 October 1789 – 21 March 1857) was an English whaler, Arctic explorer, scientist and clergyman. Earl...

 

OpenTable

American internet company For the Christian eucharistic practice, see Open communion. OpenTable, Inc.Screenshot Type of siteSubsidiaryFoundedJuly 2, 1998; 25 years ago (1998-07-02)HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, United StatesNo. of locations10 (2016)[1]Area servedWorldwideFounder(s)Chuck TempletonSid GorhamEric MoeKey peopleDebby Soo CEOJoseph Essas CTOIndustryInternetServicesTable reservationRevenue US$190.05M (2013)[2]Operating income ...

 

تقييم الأثر البيئي

القانون البيئي   الهدف الرئيسي: معالجة التلوث والسيطرة عليهعنت تقييم التأثير البيئي (بالإنجليزية: Environmental impact assessment)‏ هو عملية تقييم الآثار المحتملة (سلبية كانت أم إيجابية) لمشروع مقترح على البيئة الطبيعية.[1][2][3] الهدف من هذه العملية هو إعطاء متخذي القرار وس...

Suku Asyer

Sketsa Portugis untuk Asyer. Suku Asyer (Ibrani: שֵׁבֶט אָשֵׁר Shevet Asher, Šḗḇeṭ Āšēr; bahasa Inggris: Tribe of Asher) adalah salah satu dari suku-suku Israel menurut Alkitab Ibrani, keturunan dari Asyer, putra Yakub. Pembagian tanah suku-suku Israel Wilayah Suku Asyer menerima daerah kepunyaan mereka berdasarkan undian ke-5 pada zaman Yosua. Daerah mereka ialah Helkat, Hali, Beten, Akhsaf, Alamelekh, Amad dan Misal; dan batasnya menyinggung gunung Karmel dan s...

 

UFC 131

UFC 131: Dos Santos vs. CarwinProdotto da{{{Prodotto da}}} Data11 giugno 2011 Città Vancouver, Canada SedeRogers Arena Spettatori14.685 Cronologia pay-per-viewThe Ultimate Fighter 13 FinaleUFC 131: Dos Santos vs. CarwinUFC Live: Kongo vs. Barry Progetto Wrestling Manuale UFC 131: Dos Santos vs. Carwin è stato un evento di arti marziali miste tenuto dalla Ultimate Fighting Championship l'11 giugno 2011 alla Rogers Arena a Vancouver, Columbia Britannica, Canada. Indice 1 Background 2 Risultat...