Allocasuarina verticillata

Allocasuarina verticillata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Casuarinaceae
Genus: Allocasuarina
Species:
A. verticillata
Binomial name
Allocasuarina verticillata
Occurrence data from AVH
Synonyms
List
    • Casuarina excelsa Salisb. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.
    • Casuarina gunnii Miq.
    • Casuarina macrocarpa Miq. nom. inval., pro syn.
    • Casuarina macrocarpa Miq. nom. inval., pro syn.
    • Casuarina quadrivalvis Labill.
    • Casuarina quadrivalvis var. macrocarpa Miq.
    • Casuarina quadrivalvis Labill. var. quadrivalvis
    • Casuarina quadrivalvis var. spectabilis Miq.
    • Casuarina stricta Aiton
    • Casuarina stricta Aiton var. stricta
    • Casuarina tortuosa A.Henry
    • Casuarina verticillata Lam.

Allocasuarina verticillata, commonly known as drooping sheoak,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a small dioecious tree that has drooping branchlets up to 400 mm (16 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of nine to thirteen, the mature fruiting cones 20–50 mm (0.8–2 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 7–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long.

Description

Allocasuarina verticillata is a small dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 4–10 m (13–33 ft), has fissured bark, and the penultimate branchlets are woody. The branchlets are up to 400 mm (16 in) long, the leaves reduced to spreading teeth 0.7–1.2 mm (0.03–0.05 in) long, usually arranged in whorls of nine to thirteen around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls are 15–40 mm (0.6–2 in) long, 0.7–1.5 mm (0.03–0.06 in) in diameter but broader at the end near the teeth. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 30–120 mm (1–5 in) long, with about 2.5 to 4 whorls per cm (per 0.4 in), the anthers 1.2–2.5 mm (0.05–0.1 in) long. Female cones are sessile or on a peduncle up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long, and the mature cones are cylindrical to barrel-shaped, 25–50 mm (1–2 in) long and 17–30 mm (0.7–1 in) in diameter, containing dark brown, winged seeds (samaras) 7–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long. Flowering occurs in all months.[3][4][5][6]

Taxonomy and naming

Drooping sheoak was first formally described in 1788 by French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who gave it the name Casuarina verticillata in Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique from a tree grown in the Jardin du Roi.[7][8] In 1982, Lawrie Johnson transferred the species to Allocasuarina as A. verticillata in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.[9][10] The specific epithet verticillata means 'having whorls'.[11]

The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records common names of the plant, including shingle oak, coast she-oak, river oak, salt-water swamp oak, and that it was called worgnal by the indigenous people of the Richmond and Clarence River areas of New South Wales. It also records that "In cases of severe thirst, great relief may be obtained from chewing the foliage of this and other species, which, being of an acid nature, produces a flow of saliva — a fact well-known to bushmen who have traversed waterless portions of the country. This acid is closely allied to citric acid, and may prove identical with it. Children chew the young cones, which they call 'oak apples'."[12]

Distribution and habitat

Allocasuarina verticillata usually grows in grassy woodland, sometimes forming pure stands and sometimes with eucalypts. It is also found on rocky sea coasts and on dry ridges inland. In New South Wales it occurs on rocky hills south from Cobar and on coastal shale south from Sydney. It is widespread in Victoria, extending westwards to the Flinders Ranges, Gawler Ranges, western Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island in South Australia. In Tasmania, the species is found near Launceston and on the east coast as far south as Hobart and the Tasman Peninsula.[3][4][5][6][13]

Uses

Aboriginal Australians make use of the tree for a range of tasks.[14] The Ngunnawal people make tools including boomerangs from the tree's timber.[14] Mature cones are used as children's toys.[14]

Ecology

On Kangaroo Island, A. verticillata is the preferred food of the glossy black cockatoo, which holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue.[15]

Biochemistry

Pedunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin and casuariin are ellagitannins, which have been found in this species.[16]

  • Penultimate woody branchlets
    Penultimate woody branchlets
  • Photosynthetic stems (phylloclades)
    Photosynthetic stems (phylloclades)
  • Female inflorescence
    Female inflorescence
  • Female inflorescence and cones developing on inner branches
    Female inflorescence and cones developing on inner branches
  • Mature cone
    Mature cone

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (2020). "Allocasuarina verticillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T177363628A177368921. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T177363628A177368921.en. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Allocasuarina verticillata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Allocasuarina verticillata". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b Entwisle, Timothy J.; Stajsic, Val. "Allocasuarina verticillata". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  5. ^ a b Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. "Allocasuarina verticillata". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Allocasuarina verticillata". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  7. ^ "Casuarina verticillata". APNI. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  8. ^ Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1788). Poiret, Jean L.M. (ed.). Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique. Paris, Liège: Panckoucke. p. 501. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  9. ^ "Allocasuarina verticillata". APNI. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  10. ^ Johnson, Lawrence A.S. (1982). "Notes on Casuarinaceae II". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 6 (1): 79. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  11. ^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 335. ISBN 9780958034180.
  12. ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  13. ^ Jordan, Greg. "Allocasuarina verticillata". University of Tasmania. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  14. ^ a b c Ngunnawal Elders (2014). Ngunnawal Plant Use (2nd ed.). Canberra: ACT Government. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-921117-15-2.
  15. ^ Crowley, GM; Garnett S (2001). "Food value and tree selection by Glossy Black-Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus lathami". Austral Ecology. 26 (1): 116–26. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01093.x.
  16. ^ Okuda, T.; T. Yoshida; M. Ashida; K. Yazaki (1983). "Tannins of Casuarina and Stachyurus species. I: Structures of pendunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin, casuariin, and stachyurin". Journal of the Chemical Society (8): 1765–72. doi:10.1039/P19830001765.
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