Alişar Hüyük

For other places named Alişar, see Alişar.
Alişar Hüyük
View of Alişar Höyük from the south
Alişar Hüyük is located in Turkey
Alişar Hüyük
Shown within Turkey
LocationYozgat Province, Turkey
Coordinates39°36′22″N 35°15′41″E / 39.60611°N 35.26139°E / 39.60611; 35.26139
Typesettlement
History
Founded4th millennium BC
PeriodsNeolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age
Site notes
Excavation dates1927-1932, 1992-2006
ArchaeologistsErich Schmidt, Ronald Gorny
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Alishar Hüyük (in modern Yozgat Province, Turkey) was an ancient Near Eastern city. It is near the modern village of Alişar, Sorgun. It has been suggested that in the Iron Age the site was part of the polity of Tabal.[1]

History

Alishar Hüyük was occupied beginning in the Neolithic Period, through the Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and the Hittites, and into Phrygian times. The remnants of a Late Roman or Byzantine church were also found. During the Neolithic times (found at 26 meters below the mound surface and about 11 meters above virgin soil) the site was in the middle of a lake and occupation was restricted to the mound. As the area dried in the Chalcolithic Age occupation slowly spread off the mound and outer defenses were built. Eventually in the Early Bronze Age a large defensive fortification wall, with gates, was built.[2]

Vessel with a quatrefoil mouth, Alishar, Middle Bronze Age III, 1750-1650 BC, ceramic - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago

Fifty three (allowing for copies) cuneiform tablets in Old Assyrian of the Cappadocia type were found there. The tablets appear to be typical of an Assyrian trading outpost typical of that time in Anatolia. In two cases the writer mentions having returned from Zalpuwa (Zalpa) and in another Kanesh and Hattusa are referred to. One tablet mentions a trader Amur-Assur, also mentioned in tablets at the karum in Kultepe. Two of the tablets carry the seal of an "Anitta the Prince" which has led to speculation that this was Anitta who was king of Kuššara in the late 1700s BC. Finally, one tablet carried the eponym Adad-bāni which has been dated to the final years of Shamshi-Adad I. Mention in those tablets of the town Ankuwa has caused speculation that the site is the Ankuwa mentioned in other Hittite texts.[3][4][5][6]

Archaeology

Head of an animal, pottery rhyton, 1700-1500 BC, MACA, 3082

The top of the mound is surmounted by a truncated cone (designated A) with three lobes extending from it (B, C, and D). A lower town area extents from the mound to the east and south. An excavation system of 10 by 10 meter oriented squares was used. The end of Hittite Empire occupation (Stratum IV) at about 1200 BC was marked by widespread destruction including and the site was largely unoccupied until Phryangian times.[7]

The site was excavated between 1927 and 1932 by a team from the Oriental Institute of Chicago. The work was led by Erich Schmidt.[8][9][10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Excavation resumed in 1992, led by Ronald Gorny as part of the Alisar Regional Project. Work at the site appears to have been limited to a topographic survey and aerial photography using camera ballons with little or no actual excavation. Most of the project's work has been at nearby Çadır Höyük.[15][16][17]

Stratum Period Notes
I Neolithic Age to Chalolithic Age
II Middle Bronze Age II Cappadocian Tablets
III Late Bronze Age I Early Hittite
IV Late Bronze Age II Hittite
V Iron Age Phryangian to Medo-Persian
VI Classical Age Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine
VII Modern Seljuk and Osmanli

Çadır Höyük

Main article: Çadır Höyük

About 12 km northwest of Alishar Huyuk, there's another important archaeological site named Cadir Hoyuk (Çadır Höyük in Turkish alphabet). Recent excavators of Cadir Hoyuk have identified this site tentatively with the Hittite city of Zippalanda.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ [1]Kealhofer, L., Grave, P., & Marsh, B., "In search of Tabal, central Anatolia: Iron Age interaction at Alişar Höyük", Anatolian Studies, 73, pp. 69-98, 2023
  2. ^ [2] Osten, Hans Henning von der, "The Excavations at the Alishar Hüyük", Revue Hittite et Asianique 1.8, pp. 250-253, 1932
  3. ^ [3] I. J. Gelb, Inscriptions from Alishar and Vicinity, Oriental Institute Publications 27, The University of Chicago Press, 1935
  4. ^ Karaduman, Ayşe, "Three Kültepe Texts Regarding the Payment of a Debt in Installments", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 81–106, 2008
  5. ^ Bloch, Yigal, "The Conquest Eponyms of Šamšī-Adad I and the Kaneš Eponym List", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 191–210, 2014
  6. ^ [4] J. G. Dercksen, "When we met in Hattus", in Veenhof Anniversary Volume, W. H. van Soldt & alii eds. Leiden, pp. 57-60, 2001
  7. ^ [5] Erich Schmidt, Anatolia Through the Ages: Discoveries at the Alishar Mound, 1927–1929, Oriental Institute Communication 11, University of Chicago Press, 1931
  8. ^ [6] Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Hans Henning von der Osten and Erich F. Schmidt, "Researches in Anatolia 2. The Alishar Hüyük Season of 1927, Part 1", Oriental Institute Publications 6, The University of Chicago Press, 1930
  9. ^ [7] Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Hans Henning von der Osten and Erich F. Schmidt, "Researches in Anatolia 3. The Alishar Hüyük Season of 1927, Part 2", Oriental Institute Publications 7, The University of Chicago Press, 1932
  10. ^ [8] Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Erich F. Schmidt, "Researches in Anatolia 4. The Alishar Hüyük Season of 1928, Part 1", Oriental Institute Publications 19, The University of Chicago Press, 1932
  11. ^ [9] Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Erich F. Schmidt, "Researches in Anatolia 5. The Alishar Hüyük Season of 1928 and 1929, Part 2", Oriental Institute Publications 20, The University of Chicago Press, 1933
  12. ^ [10] Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Hans Henning von der Osten, "Researches in Anatolia 7. The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-1932, Part 1", Oriental Institute Publications 28, The University of Chicago Press, 1937
  13. ^ [11] Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Hans Henning von der Osten, "Researches in Anatolia 8. The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-1932, Part 2", Oriental Institute Publications 29, The University of Chicago Press, 1937
  14. ^ [12] Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Hans Henning von der Osten, "Researches in Anatolia 9. The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-1932, Part 3", Oriental Institute Publications 30, The University of Chicago Press, 1937
  15. ^ Ronald L.Gorny, "The 1993 Season at Alishar Höyük in Central Turkey", Anatolica, vol. 20, pp. 191-202, 1994
  16. ^ Gorny, Ronald L., "The Aliṣar Regional Project (1993-1994)", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 58, no. 1, 1995 pp. 52–54, 1995
  17. ^ Ronald L. Gorny et al., "The 1999 Alishar Regional Project Season", Anatolica, vol. 26, pp. 153-171, 2000
  18. ^ [13] Ronald L. Gorny, "Alisar Regional Project", Oriental Institute 2005-2006 Annual Report, pp 13-22, 2006

Further reading

  • Branting, Scott A. "The Alisar Regional Survey 1993-1994: A Preliminary Report", Anatolica, Annuaire international pour les civilisations de l'asie Antérieure, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, no. 22, pp. 145–159, 1996
  • Ronald L. Gorny, "The Biconvex Seals of Alishar Höyük", Anatolian Studies, vol. 43, pp. 163–191, 1993
  • Gorny, R. L., "Alişar Höyük in the Late Second Millennium B.C." in Proceedings of the Second Congresso Internazionale Di Hittitologia (Pavia, Italy (June 28-July 2, 1993): Gianni Iuculano), pp. 159–171, 1995
  • Gorny, R. L. etc. "The Alisar Regional Project 1994", Anatolica. Annuaire international pour les civilisations de l'asie Antérieure, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, no. 21, pp. 65–100, 1995
  • Ronald L. Gorny, "Hittite Imperialism and Anti-Imperial Resistance As Viewed from Alișar Höyük", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 299/300, The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia, pp. 65–89, 1995
  • Gorny, R. L. et al, "The 1998 Alisar Regional Project Season", Anatolica, Annuaire international pour les Civilisations de l'asie Antérieure, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, no. 25, pp. 149–185, 1999
  • Martino, Shannon, "New Considerations and Revelations regarding the Anthropomorphic Clay Figurines of Alişar Höyük", Anatolica, Annuaire International pour les Civilisations de l'Asie antérieure. Publié sous les auspices de l'Institut Historique et Archéologique Néerlandais à Istanbul, no. 40, pp. 111–155, 2014
  • Martino, Shannon, "The Context and Chronological Relationship of Middle Bronze Age Figurines at Alişar Höyük", in Anatolica. Annuaire international pour les civilisations de l'Asie antérieure. Publié sous les auspices de l'Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais à Istanbul, 44, pp. 213–228, 2018
  • Snyder, Alison B. "Re-constructing the Anatolian Village: Revisiting Alisar", Anatolica, Annuaire international pour les civilisations de l'asie Antérieure. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, no. 26, pp. 173–193, 2000
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