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Alguacil (in Spanish), aguazil or guazil (in Portuguese) is the title for a number of governmental office-holders.

Origin

The term alguacil is derived from the Arabic term وزير (wazir), meaning Vizier.^[1] The first known use of the term dates back to 1579.^[1]^[2]

Historical use

Constable

In Nahuatl, the term alguacil is a Spanish loanword that means constable or a sub-Cabildo officer.^[3]

Judge

There were two types of judges named Alguacils: The Alguaciles Mayores (Chief Justice) and Alguaciles Menores (Justice).

The Alguacils of higher importance were the Alguaciles Mayores. These positions were held by the most prominent families, so they approximated the office of Regidores. (At first they were also in charge of the local prison (jail), but this function was passed very soon to the responsibility of the Alcaide or warden.) Their function was to arrest people provided by the Inquisitor or investigators and the seizure of their property. To do this one had to be accompanied by the recipient, their family members and the Secretary (minister) of Arrests (sheriff). He could seek the support of civil authorities. It also ensured the safety of the detainees (defendants), because they had no communications with others except, of course, those authorized by the investigators. Among the junior officers, the Alguacil Mayor held the largest category with the Secret Notaries.^[4] The others functions of an Alguacil Mayor were:

Execute the statements
Imprison the criminals
Resolve public order issues
Appoint wardens of prisons
Intervene in cases of relevant people

The title has also been given to inspectors of weights and measures in marketplaces, and similar officials.^[5]

Sheriff

In history, an Alguacil is a sheriff of a Spanish municipality who acted as the executive officer of the courses, and is considered to be the equivalent of a modern bailiff.^[6] An Alguacil will execute the decisions of an alcalde, or a local judge, and will receive a portion of the judgments he executes.^[6]

An alguacil, as the principal police officer of a municipality, was allowed to carry arms during town patrols. The same privilege was extended to the alguacil's assistants, known in Spanish as tenientes. An alguacil was not allowed to hold another office, or to have a business.^[6]

Modern use

In Latin American countries or regions under Spanish influence, alguacil is currently the name for the office of sheriff or constable.^[1]

In the United States, Alguacil is used as the equivalent Spanish term for sheriff.^[7] However, the term "sheriff" has also been used, untranslated, in Spanish publications in the United States.^[8]

The term alguacil aéreo has been used as the equivalent Spanish term for Air Marshal,^[9] and the name Cuerpo de Alguaciles de Estados Unidos has been used as the Spanish name for the United States Marshals Service.^[10]

Surname

The title is also used as a surname. Notable people with the surname "Alguacil" include:

Alberto Losada Alguacil (born 1982), Spanish road bicycle racer
Imanol Alguacil (born 1971), Spanish footballer and coach
Isaac Becerra Alguacil (born 1988), Spanish footballer
José Alguacil (born 1972), Venezuelan baseball player, coach, and manager

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Alguacil". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ Matthews, George (1959). The Fugger Newsletters. Capricorn Books. p. 57.
^ Wood, Stephanie (ed.). "Alguacil". Online Nahuatl Dictionary. University of Oregon. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Alguacil Mayor". GabrielBernat.es (in Spanish).
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alguazil". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 656.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pivateau, Geoffrey (9 June 2010). "Alguacil". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Polémico alguacil de Arizona respalda a Trump" [Controversial Arizona sheriff backs Trump]. Voice of America (in Spanish). 26 January 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Joe Arpaio anuncia que buscará otro mandato como Sheriff del Condado Maricopa en 2020" [Joe Arpaio announces he will seek another term as Maricopa County Sheriff in 2020]. Arizona Republic (in Spanish). 26 August 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2020. Quien en su momento se proclamó como el 'Alguacil más duro de América'... (...who at the time proclaimed himself the 'Toughest Sheriff in America'...)
^ "Arresta la policía a viajero que fingía ser alguacil aéreo" [Police arrests traveler who pretended to be an air marshal]. El Nuevo Herald (in Spanish). 26 February 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Capturan a hombre solicitado en extradición por EE. UU. por violación". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 May 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ...en una operación conjunta entre la Fiscalía y el Cuerpo de Alguaciles de Estados Unidos. (...in a joint operation between the U.S. Attorney's Office and the United States Marshals Service.)