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Alaska red-tailed hawk
	Red-tailed hawk, Swan Lake, Victoria, BC
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Accipitriformes
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Buteo
Species:	B. jamaicensis
Subspecies:	B. j. alascensis
Trinomial name
	Buteo jamaicensis alascensis; Grinnell, 1909

The Alaska red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis alascensis) is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk that breeds (and is probably resident) from southeastern coastal Alaska to Haida Gwaii (previously Queen Charlotte Islands) and Vancouver Island in British Columbia.^[1] Despite its northerly distribution, this is the second smallest of the red-tailed hawks. Only the Jamaican red-tailed hawk (B. j. jamaicensis) is smaller. Little is known about this subspecies compared to other subspecies of red-tailed hawk.^[2]

Taxonomy and Systematics

The alaska red-tailed hawk was described by Joseph Grinnell (Glacier Bay, Alaska) in 1909 as "always blackest dorsally, and decidedly smaller" than a "large series" of the western red-tailed hawk (B. j. calurus).^[3] B. j. alascensis and B. j. calurus were previously considered to be the same subspecies.

Etymology and Taxonomy

The red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788 as Falco jamaicensis.^[4] The name "jamaicensis" means "originating in Jamaica", referring to where the original specimen was found.^[5] Later, this hawk was placed in the genus Buteo, introduced by Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.^[6] "Buteo" means "buzzard" in Latin.^[7] The subspecies B. j. alascensis is named after its main distribution in Alaska, with the suffix "-ensis" indicating origin.^[8]

Subspecies status and evidence

The alaska red-tailed hawk is one of 14 recognized subspecies of red-tailed hawk. It is understudied in comparison to other red-tail hawk subspecies and morphologically similar to other subspecies, B. j. calurus (Western red-tailed hawk).^[2] Taverner notes "they can be described as small calurus".^[9] Evidence for B. j. alascensis being distinct from B.j. calurus is less accurate than other subspecies belonging to Buteo jamaicensis.^[2]

Description

Size

The largest females from this subspecies are smaller than almost all male red-tailed hawks from other subspecies in Canada.^[10]^[11] In wing chord, males range from 334 to 362 mm (13.1 to 14.3 in), averaging 346.5 mm (13.64 in), and females range from 358 to 363 mm (14.1 to 14.3 in), averaging 360.5 mm (14.19 in). Males and females average 227.6 and 226.9 mm (8.96 and 8.93 in) in tail length, 86.9 and 83.2 mm (3.42 and 3.28 in) in tarsal length and 24.4 and 26.4 mm (0.96 and 1.04 in) in culmen length.^[12]^[10]^[13]

Colouration

This race is darker than the pale morph of the western red-tailed hawk (B. j. calurus), nearly solidly dark brown above with almost no pale mottling on the scapulars. The breast is slightly rufous with dark arrowheads rather than streaking around the belly (although not all B. j. alascensis have the arrowheads, probably through hybridization with other races), meanwhile the rest of the underside down to the "trousers" is paler and more washed out than on B. j. calurus. Immatures of this race are usually blackish brown overall with a white throat and wide tail bands, rather unlike B. j. calurus.^[12]^[10]^[14] However, it can be challenging to distinguish juvenile North American buteos.^[15]

Identification

While the alaska and western red-tail hawk are not easy to tell apart, the main identifier is that the alaska subspecies is a smaller bird. Adult calurus wings measure over 368mm, while adult alascensis wings measure 368mm and under.^[9] B. j. alascensis is also said to have a rosy pink breast in comparison.^[3]

Distribution

Range and Habitat

The range of alascensis spans coastal British Columbia including Haida Gwaii and western Vancouver Island all the way up to southeast Alaska.^[16]^[17]^[3] This bird inhabits the temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest.

Migration

Red-tailed hawks are partial migrants, exhibiting varying degrees of migration correlating to latitude.^[18] Subspecies occupying the northern third of their distribution (most of Canada and Alaska) are almost fully migratory, whereas many southern populations are fully sedentary.^[19] Despite their more northern distribution, red-tailed hawks present in the coastal north, such as the Pacific Northwest and southern Alaska, have been found not to participate in migration which would include the alaska red-tailed hawk.^[10]

Behaviour

These hawks are diurnal birds, meaning they are most active during the day and inactive or asleep at night.^[20]

Flight

Soaring is the most common method of flight for members of the red-tailed hawk species as it conserves the most energy.^[21]

Reproduction and Courtship

Specific reproductive traits of the alaska red-tailed hawk subspecies are unknown however birds in the genus Buteo are typical in their breeding behaviours. Their courtship rituals involve soaring in large circles high in the sky, with the male performing dives.^[22]^[15]^[23] Red-tailed hawks are monogamous and will mate with the same individual until one dies.^[24]

Hunting strategies

Like many Buteos, members of the red-tailed hawk species hunt from a perch.^[25]^[26] Though North American red-tailed hawks can hunt from flight, it is generally uncommon.^[21]

Vocalizations

These are vocalizations common to red-tailed hawks as a species.^[27] There is likely variance within subspecies such as the alaska red-tailed hawk.

Vocalization table
Age	Sound	Reason	Source
Young nestling	pipsee	presence of parent or disturbance	^[28]
Juvenile	klee-uk	hunger call	^[29]
Adult	kee-eee-arr	irritation or defense response	^[28]

Diet

The diet of alaska red-tailed hawks is quite varied as these birds are carnivorous and opportunistic eaters.^[27] Rodents such as squirrels, voles, rabbits, and hares constitute the bulk of their diet.^[30] They are also known to consume other birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians and invertebrates.^[27]

Conservation

Red-tailed hawks as a species were last assessed in October 2016, with their global status deemed "Least concern" by the IUCN.^[31] The specific conservation status of the alaska red-tailed hawk subspecies is unknown.

Threats

The Alaskan government proposes that potential threats to red-tailed hawks in Alaska include environmental pollution, habitat loss and starvation.^[32] However, they state the first two threats are more unlikely, especially habitat loss, as red-tailed hawks are more adaptable compared to other raptors. Starvation affects many young, inexperienced hawks and is often the reason some do not survive their first year. Bad weather, parasites and injury are the main contributors to death by starvation in red-tailed hawks.

References

^ Tesky, Julie L. "Buteo jamaicensis". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 June 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lish, James W.; Voelker, William G. "Field identification aspects of some Red-tailed Hawk subspecies" (PDF). [American Birds]. 40 (2): 197 – via SORA.
^ ^a ^b ^c Clark, William S. (2018-05-31). "The Alaska Red-tailed Hawk" (PDF). Western Birds. 49 (2): 126–135. doi:10.21199/WB49.2.3.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 266.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 371.
^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Discours d'ouverture du Cours d'histoire naturelle", Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux (in French). p. 4.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names: From Aalge to Zusii (1. Aufl. ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ "-ensis". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
^ ^a ^b Taverner, P. A. (March 1936). "Taxonomic Comments on Red-Tailed Hawks". The Condor. 38 (2): 66–71. doi:10.2307/1363551. ISSN 0010-5422.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Palmer, R. S. ed. (1988). Handbook of North American Birds. Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors (Part 2).
^ Taverner, P. A. (1927). "A study of Buteo borealis, the Red-tailed Hawk, and its varieties in Canada (No. 13)". Canada. Victoria Memorial Museum.
^ ^a ^b Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8026-3.
^ Ridgway, R. & Friedmann, H. (1919). The Birds of North and Middle America: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Higher Groups, Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Birds Known to Occur in North America, from the Arctic Lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and Other Islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago. Vol. 50, No. 8. Govt. Print.
^ Preston, C. R. & Beane, R. D. (2009). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America. doi:10.2173/bna.52.
^ ^a ^b Preston, Charles R (2000). Wild Bird Guide: Red-Tailed Hawk (1 ed.). [Stackpole Books]. pp. 13–27. ISBN 9780811729147.
^ Hellmayr, C. E., and Conover, B. 1949. Catalogue of birds of the Americas, part I, no. 4. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 (publ. 634)
^ Wheeler, B. K. 2003. Raptors of Western North America. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
^ Bloom, Peter H; McCrary, Michael D.; Scott, J. Michael; Papp, Joseph M.; Sernka, Karyn J.; Thomas, Scott E.; Kidd, Jeff W.; Henckel, Edmund H.; Henckel, Judith L.; Gibson, Marjorie J. (March 2015). "Northward Summer Migration of Red-Tailed Hawks Fledged from Southern Latitudes". Journal of Raptor Research. 49 (1): 1. doi:10.3356/jrr-14-54.1. ISSN 0892-1016.
^ Preston, C. R.; Beane, R. D. (2009-05-20). Poole, Alan F. (ed.). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.52.
^ Preston, C., R. Beane. 1993. Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Pp. 1-24 in A Poole, F Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 52. Washington DC and Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
^ ^a ^b Ballam, J. M. (1984). "The use of soaring by the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Auk. 101 (3): 519–524. doi:10.1093/auk/101.3.519. JSTOR 4086604.
^ Ballam, Joan M. (1984-07-01). "The Use of Soaring by the Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Auk. 101 (3): 519–524. doi:10.1093/auk/101.3.519. ISSN 0004-8038.
^ Conner, Richard N. (1974). "A Note on Aerial Courtship of Red-Tailed Hawks". Bird Banding. 45 (3): 269.
^ "Red-tailed hawk". www.natureconservancy.ca. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
^ Palmer, Ralph. S (10 September 1988). Handbook of North American birds. Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors (part 2). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300040609.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Preston, C. R.; Beane, R. D. (2009-05-20). Poole, Alan F. (ed.). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.52.
^ ^a ^b ^c Preston, C. R. and R. D. Beane (2020). Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rethaw.01
^ ^a ^b Brown, L. H., and D. Amadon (1968). Eagles, Hawks, and Falcons of the World. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA
^ Fitch, H. S., F. Swensen, and D. F. Tillotson (1946). Behavior and food habits of the Red-tailed Hawk. Condor 48:205–217.
^ "Red-tailed Hawk Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
^ IUCN (2016-10-01). Buteo jamaicensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695933A93534834 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22695933a93534834.en.
^ Alaska Department of Fish & Game. "Buteos" (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2024.

[Gov-1] Tesky, Julie L. "Buteo jamaicensis". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 June 2007.

[:0-2] Lish, James W.; Voelker, William G. "Field identification aspects of some Red-tailed Hawk subspecies" (PDF). [American Birds]. 40 (2): 197 – via SORA.

[:1-3] Clark, William S. (2018-05-31). "The Alaska Red-tailed Hawk" (PDF). Western Birds. 49 (2): 126–135. doi:10.21199/WB49.2.3.

[4] Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 266.

[5] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 371.

[6] Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Discours d'ouverture du Cours d'histoire naturelle", Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux (in French). p. 4.

[7] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names: From Aalge to Zusii (1. Aufl. ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[8] "-ensis". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2024-10-15.

[:5-9] Taverner, P. A. (March 1936). "Taxonomic Comments on Red-Tailed Hawks". The Condor. 38 (2): 66–71. doi:10.2307/1363551. ISSN 0010-5422.

[Palmer-10] Palmer, R. S. ed. (1988). Handbook of North American Birds. Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors (Part 2).

[Taverner-11] Taverner, P. A. (1927). "A study of Buteo borealis, the Red-tailed Hawk, and its varieties in Canada (No. 13)". Canada. Victoria Memorial Museum.

[Ferguson-Lees-12] Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8026-3.

[Ridgway-13] Ridgway, R. & Friedmann, H. (1919). The Birds of North and Middle America: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Higher Groups, Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Birds Known to Occur in North America, from the Arctic Lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and Other Islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago. Vol. 50, No. 8. Govt. Print.

[Preston-14] Preston, C. R. & Beane, R. D. (2009). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America. doi:10.2173/bna.52.

[:2-15] Preston, Charles R (2000). Wild Bird Guide: Red-Tailed Hawk (1 ed.). [Stackpole Books]. pp. 13–27. ISBN 9780811729147.

[16] Hellmayr, C. E., and Conover, B. 1949. Catalogue of birds of the Americas, part I, no. 4. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 (publ. 634)

[17] Wheeler, B. K. 2003. Raptors of Western North America. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

[18] Bloom, Peter H; McCrary, Michael D.; Scott, J. Michael; Papp, Joseph M.; Sernka, Karyn J.; Thomas, Scott E.; Kidd, Jeff W.; Henckel, Edmund H.; Henckel, Judith L.; Gibson, Marjorie J. (March 2015). "Northward Summer Migration of Red-Tailed Hawks Fledged from Southern Latitudes". Journal of Raptor Research. 49 (1): 1. doi:10.3356/jrr-14-54.1. ISSN 0892-1016.

[19] Preston, C. R.; Beane, R. D. (2009-05-20). Poole, Alan F. (ed.). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.52.

[20] Preston, C., R. Beane. 1993. Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Pp. 1-24 in A Poole, F Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 52. Washington DC and Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union

[:3-21] Ballam, J. M. (1984). "The use of soaring by the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Auk. 101 (3): 519–524. doi:10.1093/auk/101.3.519. JSTOR 4086604.

[22] Ballam, Joan M. (1984-07-01). "The Use of Soaring by the Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Auk. 101 (3): 519–524. doi:10.1093/auk/101.3.519. ISSN 0004-8038.

[23] Conner, Richard N. (1974). "A Note on Aerial Courtship of Red-Tailed Hawks". Bird Banding. 45 (3): 269.

[24] "Red-tailed hawk". www.natureconservancy.ca. Retrieved 2024-10-14.

[25] Palmer, Ralph. S (10 September 1988). Handbook of North American birds. Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors (part 2). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300040609.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[26] Preston, C. R.; Beane, R. D. (2009-05-20). Poole, Alan F. (ed.). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.52.

[:4-27] Preston, C. R. and R. D. Beane (2020). Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rethaw.01

[:6-28] Brown, L. H., and D. Amadon (1968). Eagles, Hawks, and Falcons of the World. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA

[29] Fitch, H. S., F. Swensen, and D. F. Tillotson (1946). Behavior and food habits of the Red-tailed Hawk. Condor 48:205–217.

[30] "Red-tailed Hawk Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2024-10-14.

[31] IUCN (2016-10-01). Buteo jamaicensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695933A93534834 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22695933a93534834.en.

[32] Alaska Department of Fish & Game. "Buteos" (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2024.

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Alaska red-tailed hawk