Al-Anon/Alateen

Al-Anon Family Groups
FounderLois W.
Anne B.
Type501(c)(3) Nonprofit corporation
PurposeMutual support
HeadquartersVirginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Websiteal-anon.org

Al-Anon Family Groups, founded in 1951, is an international mutual aid organization for people who have been impacted by another person's alcoholism. In the organization's own words, Al-Anon is a "worldwide fellowship that offers a program of recovery for the families and friends of alcoholics, whether or not the alcoholic recognizes the existence of an alcohol-related problem or seeks help."[1] Alateen "is part of the Al-Anon fellowship designed for the younger relatives and friends of alcoholics through the teen years".[2]

Background

Al-Anon defines itself as an independent fellowship with the stated purpose of helping relatives and friends of alcoholics.[3] According to the organization, alcoholism is a family illness.[3] Its "Preamble to the Twelve Steps" provides a general description:

The Al-Anon Family Groups are a fellowship of relatives and friends of alcoholics who share their experience, strength, and hope in order to solve their common problems. We believe alcoholism is a family illness and that changed attitudes can aid recovery.

Al-Anon is not allied with any sect, denomination, political entity, organization, or institution; does not engage in any controversy; neither endorses nor opposes any cause. There are no dues for membership. Al-Anon is self-supporting through its own voluntary contributions.[3]

Al-Anon has but one purpose: to help families of alcoholics. We do this by practicing the Twelve Steps[4] by welcoming and giving comfort to families of alcoholics, and by giving understanding and encouragement to the alcoholic.[3]

Not an intervention program, Al-Anon does not have the stated primary purpose of arresting another's compulsive drinking. Members meet in groups. Meetings are usually small (five to twenty-five); in larger meetings, members often split into smaller groups after the opening readings so everyone has a chance to speak.[5]

Many Al-Anon family group meetings begin with the "Suggested Al-Anon/Alateen Welcome", which starts:

We welcome you to the [Name of Group] Al-Anon Family Group and hope you will find in this fellowship the help and friendship we have been privileged to enjoy. We who live, or have lived, with the problem of alcoholism understand as perhaps few others can. We, too, were lonely and frustrated, but in Al-Anon we discover that no situation is really hopeless, and that it is possible for us to find contentment, and even happiness, whether the alcoholic is still drinking or not.[6]

History

Stepping Stones in Katonah, NY, where Al-Anon was founded.

Al-Anon was co-founded in 1951, 16 years after the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous on June 10, 1935,[7] by Anne B. and Lois W. (wife of AA co-founder Bill W.).[8] Before the formation of Al-Anon, independent groups of families of alcoholics met. "Bill thought the[se] groups could be consolidated and that Lois should be the one to take it on."[8]

Al-Anon adopted the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous for their own use, changing the word "alcoholics" in the twelfth step to "others" ("we tried to carry this message to others").[9][10] Its name derives from the first parts of the words "Alcoholics Anonymous".[11] Alateen, part of Al-Anon, began in California in 1957 when a teenager named Bob "joined with five other young people who had been affected by the alcoholism of a family member."[12]

Purpose

Although people commonly turn to Al-Anon for help in stopping another's drinking, the organization recognizes that the friends and families of alcoholics are often traumatized themselves and in need of emotional support and understanding. According to Lois W.:

After a while I began to wonder why I was not as happy as I ought to be, since the one thing I had been yearning for all my married life [Bill's sobriety] had come to pass. Then one Sunday, Bill asked me if I was ready to go to the meeting with him. To my own astonishment as well as his, I burst forth with, "Damn your old meetings!" and threw a shoe as hard as I could.

This surprising display of temper over nothing pulled me up short and made me start to analyze my own attitudes ...

My life's purpose of sobering up Bill, which had made me feel desperately needed, had vanished ... I decided to strive for my own spiritual growth. I used the same principles as he did to learn how to change my attitudes ...

We began to learn ... that the partner of the alcoholic also needed to live by a spiritual program.[13]

Benefits

Problems

Al-Anon/Alateen literature focuses on problems common to family members and friends of alcoholics such as excessive care-taking, an inability to differentiate between love versus pity and loyalty to abusers, rather than the problems of the alcoholic.[5] The organization acknowledges that members may join with low self-esteem, largely a side-effect of unrealistically overestimating their agency and control: attempting to control another person's drinking behavior and, when they fail, blaming themselves for the other person's behavior.[5]

Improvement

Participation in Al-Anon has been associated with less personal blame by women who, as a whole, engage in more initial personal blame for the drinking than men.[14] Family members of alcoholics begin to improve as they learn to recognize family pathology, assign responsibility for the pathology to a disease, forgive themselves, accept that they were adversely affected by the pathology and learn to accept their family members' shortcomings.[15]

Al-Anon members are encouraged to keep the focus on themselves, rather than on the alcoholic. Although members believe that changed attitudes can aid recovery, they stress that one person did not cause, cannot cure and cannot control another person's alcohol-related choices and behaviors.[16]

Treatment of alcoholism

Al-Anon's primary purpose is to help families and friends of alcoholics,[3] rather than stopping alcoholism in others or assisting with interventions. When an alcoholic's spouse is active in Al-Anon and the alcoholic is active in AA, the alcoholic is more likely to be abstinent, marital happiness is more likely to be increased and parenting by both is more likely to improve.[17][18] A 1999 clinical analysis of methods used by concerned significant others (CSOs) to encourage alcoholics to seek treatment indicated that Al-Anon participation was "mostly ineffective" towards this goal. The psychologists found community reinforcement approach and family training (CRAFT) "significantly more" effective than Al-Anon participation in arresting alcoholism in others.[19][20]

Demographics

In 2015, Al-Anon Family Groups published its 2015 Member Survey Results of demographic and other information from Al-Anon members in Canada and the United States Of the 8,517 respondents, 93 percent identified as white, 83 percent as female and 61 percent as married. Twelve percent of the respondents had children under age 18 at home,[21] while "80 percent of respondents have been in a romantic relationship involving an alcoholic partner". And one side finding was that "40 percent of respondents initially joined Al-Anon because a person with a drug problem was negatively affecting their lives".[21]

For the 2006 Alateen Member Survey, conducted in the U.S., 139 Alateen members responded. Sixty-five percent of the respondents were female, 35 percent were male, 72 percent were white and 20 percent spoke Spanish fluently. The respondents' average age was 14.[22]

Structure

Organizational structure, illustrated as an inverted pyramid
Al-Anon/Alateen organizational structure

The structure of Al-Anon Family Groups may be depicted as an inverted pyramid, with the organization's headquarters (the World Service Office) at the bottom and the "autonomous"[23] groups at the top.

Groups

Al-Anon and Alateen members meet in Groups for fellowship and support. Each Group may elect a Group Representative (GR) to represent a group at District meetings.[24]

Districts

Al-Anon and Alateen Groups' Group Representatives (GRs) attend District meetings. At these meetings they discuss service activities, Group issues (their primary purpose being to be a forum for Groups) and information from their Area and the World Service Office (WSO) of Al-Anon and Alateen, with GRs having voting privileges. A District may host regular events, such as workshops and speaker meetings, for the local fellowship.[24]

Areas

An Area comprises several Districts. (For example, Texas is divided into two Al-Anon and Alateen Areas, East and West. Each Texas Area has about a dozen Al-Anon and Alateen Districts, for a total of about 24 in the state.[25]) Each Area has regular meetings (known as Assemblies) where Group Representatives (GRs) meet and vote on issues impacting that Area, host workshops and speakers and get Area information to bring back to their Groups.[24][26]

World Service

At Area Assembly, GRs elect a Delegate to the annual World Service Conference (WSC) (aka "The Conference"). The WSC meets annually to interface with the World Service Office (WSO), which is managed by administrators and overseen by the Board of Trustees (who meet more regularly themselves).

Democracy and accountability

Al-Anon promotes democracy and accountability. According to one of its General Warranties of the Conference, "That though the Conference serves Al-Anon it shall never perform any act of government; and that like the fellowship of Al-Anon Family Groups which it serves, it shall always remain democratic in thought and action." Another states "That no Conference member shall be placed in unqualified authority over other members."[27]

According to Tradition Two of Al-Anon's Twelve Traditions: "Our leaders are but trusted servants—they do not govern." Tradition Nine says: "Our groups, as such, ought never be organized; but we may create service boards or committees directly responsible to those they serve."[23] Districts and Areas are directly responsible to the Groups.

The World Service Office (WSO) is accountable to the World Service Conference (WSC). The WSC is responsible to the Areas through elected Delegates and ultimately responsible to the Groups. According to Concept One of Al-Anon's Twelve Concepts of Service: "The ultimate responsibility and authority for Al-Anon world services belongs to the Al-Anon Groups."[28]

When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story is a 2010 film about the wife of AA co-founder Bill Wilson and the beginnings of AA and Al-Anon.

The 1994 film When a Man Loves a Woman "...confronts the realities of substance abuse as it affects all members of one family with an alcoholic at its center."[29] The alcoholic is played by Meg Ryan and her husband, who makes his way to an Al-Anon meeting, is played by Andy García. The hosts of Beyond Belief Sobriety discuss the film in a 2019 podcast episode.[30]

In the Hulu show The Bear, the protagonist Carmen 'Carmy' Berzatto attends Al-Anon in response to his brother's painkiller addiction.

See also

References

  1. ^ Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. "Detachment" (PDF). Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
  2. ^ Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. "Fact Sheet for Professionals" (PDF). Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
  3. ^ a b c d e Al-Anon Family Groups. "Suggested Al-Anon Preamble to the Twelve Steps". www.al-anon.org. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  4. ^ "Twelve Steps". Al-Anon. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Humphreys, Keith; Kaskutas, Lee A (1995). "World Views of Alcoholics Anonymous, Women for Sobriety, and Adult Children of Alcoholics/Al-Anon Mutual Help Groups". Addiction Research & Theory. 3 (3): 231–243. doi:10.3109/16066359509005240.
  6. ^ Al-Anon Family Groups. "Al-Anon Guideline: A Meeting on Wheels, G-22" (PDF). www.al-anon.org. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. p. 1. Retrieved 2010-04-26., "Suggested Al-Anon/Alateen Welcome"
  7. ^ "AA Timeline". Alcoholics Anonymous. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
  8. ^ a b "Lois' Story". Stepping Stones: The Historic Home of Bill and Lois Wilson. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
  9. ^ "The Twelve Steps". Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  10. ^ "Al-Anon's History". How Al-Anon Works for Families and Friends of Alcoholics. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. 1995. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-910034-26-5. OCLC 32951492.
  11. ^ 2014-2017 Al-Anon/Alateen Service Manual (PDF). Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. 2013. p. 139. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
  12. ^ "Al-Anon's History". How Al-Anon Works for Families and Friends of Alcoholics. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. 1995. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-910034-26-5. OCLC 32951492.
  13. ^ Lois W. (1995). "Lois's story". How Al-Anon Works for Families and Friends of Alcoholics. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-910034-26-5. OCLC 32951492.
  14. ^ Kingree, J. B.; Thompson, Martie (2000). "Twelve-Step Groups, Attributions of Blame for Personal Sadness, Psychological Well-Being, and the Moderating Role of Gender". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 30 (3): 499–517. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02493.x. ISSN 1559-1816.
  15. ^ Humphreys, K (April 1996). "World view change in adult children of Alcoholics/Al-Anon self-help groups: reconstructing the alcoholic family". International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 46 (2): 255–63. doi:10.1080/00207284.1996.11491497. ISSN 0020-7284. PMID 8935765.
  16. ^ Al-Anon Family Groups (1997). "Step One". Paths to Recovery: Al-Anon's Steps, Traditions and Concepts. Al-Anon Family Groups. ISBN 978-0-910034-31-9.
  17. ^ Wright, KD; Scott, TB (September 1978). "The relationship of wives' treatment to the drinking status of alcoholics". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 39 (9): 1577–1581. doi:10.15288/jsa.1978.39.1577. ISSN 0096-882X. PMID 215841.
  18. ^ Corenblum, B; Fischer, DG (May 1975). "Some correlates of Al-Anon group membership". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 36 (5): 675–677. doi:10.15288/jsa.1975.36.675. ISSN 0096-882X. PMID 239290.
  19. ^ Miller, WR; Meyers, RJ; Tonigan, JS (October 1999). "Engaging the unmotivated in treatment for alcohol problems: a comparison of three strategies for intervention through family members". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 67 (5): 688–697. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.5.688. ISSN 0022-006X. PMID 10535235.
  20. ^ Meyers, RJ; Miller, WR; Smith, JE; Tonigan, JS (October 2002). "A randomized trial of two methods for engaging treatment-refusing drug users through concerned significant others". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 70 (5): 1182–1185. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1182. ISSN 0022-006X. PMID 12362968.
  21. ^ a b Al-Anon Family Groups (2015). "2015 Member Survey Results" (PDF). al-anon.org. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. pp. 2–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  22. ^ Al-Anon Family Groups. "Survey among Alateen members, Fall 2006" (PDF). www.al-anon.org. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  23. ^ a b "The Twelve Traditions". Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  24. ^ a b c "2022-2025: Al-Anon/Alateen Groups at Work" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters. 2022.
  25. ^ "Texas al-Anon/Alateen". Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  26. ^ In keeping with Al-Anon's structure, only Group Representatives can vote on issues and officers here too.
  27. ^ "General Warranties of the Conference". Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  28. ^ "The Twelve Concepts of Service". Al-Anon Family Group Headquarters, Inc. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  29. ^ "When a Man Loves a Woman - Movie Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  30. ^ Sheldon, John (September 1, 2019). "Episode 120: When a Man Loves a Woman". Beyond Belief Sobriety. Retrieved July 4, 2023.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Anon/Alateen.

Read other articles:

خبز أبيض

خبز أبيضمعلومات عامةالنوع خبز المكونات الرئيسية طحين القمح معلومات أخرى تحميل نسبة السكر في الدم 37 (100 غرام)[1]تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات يشير الخبز الأبيض عادةً إلى الخبز المصنوع من دقيق القمح الذي تمت إزالة النخالة وطبقات البذرة منه من القمح الكامل كجزء من ...

 

Place de l'Étoile (Luxembourg)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Place de l'Étoile (homonymie). Place de l'Étoile Plaque de rue. Situation Coordonnées 49° 36′ 48″ nord, 6° 07′ 11″ est Pays Luxembourg Ville Luxembourg Quartier(s) Limpertsberg Morphologie Type Place Géolocalisation sur la carte : Luxembourg Géolocalisation sur la carte : Luxembourg modifier  La place de l'Étoile (en luxembourgeois : Stäreplaz) est un carrefour routier de la ville de Luxembou...

 

Jim Hawkins (politician)

American politician Jim HawkinsMember of the Massachusetts House of Representativesfrom the 2nd Bristol districtIncumbentAssumed office April 4, 2018Preceded byPaul Heroux Personal detailsBornJames K. Hawkins (1949-10-17) October 17, 1949 (age 74)Walpole, MassachusettsPolitical partyDemocraticResidence(s)Attleboro, MassachusettsAlma materColby CollegeProvidence College School of BusinessProfessionTeacher (retired)Websitewww.hawkins4rep.com James K. Hawkins is an American ...

Smuggler (manga)

Smugglerスマグラー MangaPengarangShohei ManabePenerbitTokyopopTerbit23 Agustus 2000 Film laga hidupSutradaraKatsuhito IshiiTayang 22 Oktober 2011 (2011-10-22)  Portal anime dan manga Smuggler (スマグラーcode: ja is deprecated ) adalah serial manga Jepang karya Shohei Manabe. Manga ini telah diadaptasikan ke film live-action pada tahun 2011.[1] Pemeran Satoshi Tsumabuki - Ryosuke Kinuta Masatoshi Nagase Yasuko Matsuyuki Referensi ^ Austin's Fantastic Fest to Pre...

 

Helmshore railway station

English railway station from 1848 and 1966 HelmshoreHelmshore station from the north in 1970. Wooden goods depot at left centre, main station buildings at right centre. The diesel loco is in what was the Accrington-bound platform.General informationLocationHelmshore, RossendaleEnglandCoordinates53°41′09″N 2°19′58″W / 53.6858°N 2.3327°W / 53.6858; -2.3327Grid referenceSD782210Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyEast Lancashire Rail...

 

Sejarah Kuwait

Kuwait adalah sebuah negara di Teluk Persia. Pada abad ke delapan belas hingga ke sembilan belas, Kuwait merupakan sebuah pelabuhan dagang.[1][2][3] Sejarah awal Saat masa periode Ubaid (6500 SM), Kuwait adalah pusat situs interaksi antara penduduk Mesopotamia dan Neolitik Arabia Timur,[4][5][6][7] utamanya berpusat di As-Subiya di sebelah utara Kuwait.[8][9][10] Masa terawal yang diketahui bahwa Kuwait telah diti...

Lockheed L-188 Electra

American turboprop airliner by Lockheed, built 1957–1961 Not to be confused with the unrelated earlier Lockheed Model 10 Electra. L-188 Electra The L-188 is a low wing airliner powered by four turboprops. Role Turboprop airlinerType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Lockheed Corporation First flight December 6, 1957 Introduction January 12, 1959, with Eastern Air Lines Status In service[1] Primary users Air Spray[2] Buffalo AirwaysConair Group (Reti...

 

Love Is the Message (MFSB album)

1973 studio album by MFSBLove Is The MessageStudio album by MFSBReleased1973Recorded1973StudioSigma Sound Studios, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaGenreSouldiscophiladelphia soulLength35:06LabelPIRProducerKenneth Gamble, Leon Huff, Vince Montana, Bruce Hawes, Jack FaithMFSB chronology MFSB(1973) Love Is The Message(1973) Universal Love(1975) Singles from Natural High TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)Released: February 6, 1974 Love Is the MessageReleased: June 7, 1974 Professional ratingsRevi...

 

Materia medica

Halaman dari Vienna Dioscurides abad ke-6, versi iluminasi De Materia Medica pada abad ke-1 Materia medica (bahasa Inggris: medical material/substance) adalah istilah dalam bahasa Latin yang diambil dari Sejarah farmasi mengenai pengetahuan tentang efek terapeutik yang terjadi pada tubuh dari setiap zat yang digunakan untuk penyembuhan (yaitu, obat). Istilah ini berasal dari judul sebuah karya dokter Yunani kuno bernama Pedanius Dioscorides pada abad ke-1 Masehi, De materia medica yang be...

Hedjhotep

Ancient Egyptian deity Hedjhotep in hieroglyphs Hedjhotepḥḏ-ḥtp Part of a series onAncient Egyptian religion Beliefs Afterlife Cosmology Duat Ma'at Mythology Index Numerology Philosophy Soul Practices Funerals Offerings: Offering formula Temples Priestess of Hathor Pyramids Deities (list)Ogdoad Amun Amunet Hauhet Heh Kauket Kek Naunet Nu Ennead Atum Geb Isis Nephthys Nut Osiris Set Shu Tefnut A Aati Aker Akhty Amenhotep, son of Hapu Amesemi Ammit Am-heh Amu-Aa Anat Andjety Anhur Anput A...

 

Cuthbert

7th-century Anglo-Saxon bishop, monk, and saint For other uses, see Cuthbert (disambiguation). St Cuthbert redirects here. For other uses, see St Cuthbert (disambiguation). SaintCuthbertCuthbert discovers a piece of timber, from a 12th-century manuscript of Bede's Life of St CuthbertBishopBornc. 634Dunbar, Northumbria (now in Scotland)Died20 March 687Inner Farne, Kingdom of Northumbria (now in England)Venerated inCatholic Church;Anglicanism;Eastern Orthodox Church, Church of Scotla...

 

Lokomotif C33

Lokomotif C33Lokomotif C3318 di Museum Transportasi Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII).Data teknisSumber tenagaUapProdusenEsslingen, JermanTanggal dibuat1891-1904Jumlah dibuat23 unitSpesifikasi rodaNotasi Whyte2-6-0TDimensiLebar sepur1.067 mmBeratBahan bakarSistem mesinKinerjaKecepatan maksimum45 km/hDaya mesin390 hpLain-lainKarierPerusahaan pemilikStaatsspoorwegen ter Sumatra's WestkustDaerah operasiJawa dan SumatraMulai dinas1929Pemilik sekarangPT Kereta Api Indonesia Lokomotif C33 adalah lo...

Siège de Saint-Jean-d'Acre (1799)

Pour l’article homonyme, voir Siège de Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Siège de Saint-Jean-d'Acre (1799) Vue aérienne du Vieux Acre qui n'a pas beaucoup changé depuis 1799. Informations générales Date 20 mars - 21 mai 1799 Lieu Saint-Jean-d'Acre actuellement Acre (Israël) Issue Victoire ottomane Belligérants  République française Empire ottoman  Grande-Bretagne Commandants Napoléon Bonaparte Djezzar Pacha William Sidney Smith Antoine Le Picard de Phélippeaux Forces en présence 13...

 

Curug Muara Jaya

Curug Muara Jaya (aksara Sunda: ᮎᮥᮛᮥᮍ᮪ ᮙᮥᮃᮛ ᮏᮚ) terletak di Kampung Apuy, Desa Argamukti, Kecamatan Argapura, Kabupaten Majalengka. Curug Muara Jaya biasa juga dikenal sebagai Curug Apuy. Berada pada aliran Sungai Muara Jaya, tepat di lereng Gunung Ciremai. Curug ini tergolong air terjun bertingkat atau Cascade. Dengan keseluruhan, tinggi terjunan air ini mencapai sekitar 73 meter. Terdapat 2 tingkat air terjun, tingkat yang pertama merupakan air terjun utama, tempat m...

 

Kappa

Tenth letter in the Greek alphabet For other uses, see Kappa (disambiguation).This article is about the Greek letter. For the archaic Greek letter with a similar name, see Koppa (letter).Not to be confused with the similar looking Cyrillic letter Ka. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kappa – news · newspapers...

Polish people

People native to Poland For a specific analysis of the population of Poland, see Demographics of Poland. This article is about Poles as an ethnic group. For Polish nationality law or citizenship, see Polish nationality law. For Poles living outside Poland, see Polish diaspora. Ethnic group PolesPolacy (Polish)The flag of Poland, one of the symbols of Polish peopleTotal populationc. 60 million[1]Regions with significant populations Poland   37,394,000 (2011)[2&...

 

Mark E. Recktenwald

American judge (born 1955) Mark RecktenwaldChief Justice of the Hawaii Supreme CourtIncumbentAssumed office September 14, 2010Nominated byLinda LinglePreceded byRonald MoonJustice of the Hawaii Supreme CourtIn officeMay 5, 2009 – September 14, 2010Nominated byLinda LinglePreceded bySteven LevinsonSucceeded bySabrina McKenna Personal detailsBorn (1955-10-08) October 8, 1955 (age 68)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.Children2EducationHarvard University (BA)University of Chicago (JD) Ma...

 

Jazz bass

Use of the double bass or electric bass guitar as a jazz instrument This article is about the use of the double bass or electric bass guitar as a jazz instrument. For the brand of Fender bass guitar, see Fender Jazz Bass. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Jazz bass – news · newspapers · books · schol...

List of One Piece chapters (1016–current)

This article is about One Piece chapters 1016 to now. For a guide, see lists of One Piece chapters. Volume 101 of One Piece, released in Japan by Shueisha on December 3, 2021 One Piece is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda which has been translated into various languages and spawned a substantial media franchise, including animated and live action television series, films, video games, and associated music and merchandise. It follows the adventures of the teenage...

 

Edward, My Son

1949 film by George Cukor Edward, My SonOriginal posterDirected byGeorge CukorScreenplay byDonald Ogden StewartBased onEdward, My Son1947 playby Noel LangleyRobert MorleyProduced byEdwin H. KnopfStarringSpencer TracyDeborah KerrIan HunterCinematographyFreddie YoungEdited byRaymond PoultonMusic byJohn WooldridgeProductioncompanyMGM-BritishDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease dates March 1, 1949 (1949-03-01) (UK) June 2, 1949 (1949-06-02) (US) Running t...