Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich

Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich was a punitive campaign in Nazi Germany targeting individuals deemed as "work-shy" or "asocial." In April and June 1938, as part of the "Arbeitsscheu Reich" (work-shy Reich), more than 10,000 men were arrested as so-called "black triangle anti-social elements" and sent to concentration camps. During the so-called June-action, about 2,500 Jews who had received previous convictions for varied reasons were also targeted.

Terminology

The term action, work-shy Reich can be traced back to official correspondence, which was conducted in conjunction with mass arrests. In the Buchenwald concentration camp, detainees were referred to initially as "Reich compulsory labor prisoners", later being referred to as "work shy Reich" (ASR).[1] This term was taken up by Hans Buchheim, originally used by Wolfgang Ayass for both arrest waves and became the standard term used. The "work shy" were those who were criminals, had refused to work, or fit other descriptions deemed socially undesirable.[2]

However, the contemporary term "June Special" for the second wave of arrests and convicted Jews was also used.[3] It was used largely in 1938, though it was by no means universally used. "June Special" was used as a connotation more for Jews, while "Work Shy" was used more for general arrests.[4]

Action in April 1938

The arrest and deportation of "asocial individuals" goes back to the "basic decree on crime prevention by the police" issued by the Ministry of the Interior on 14 December 1937. The order called for a preventive detention of those deemed professional or habitual criminals, and later was extended to any who might "endanger society with asocial behavior."[5]

After Heinrich Himmler's plan of 26 January 1938, authorities began a "one-time, comprehensive and surprising seizure" done on the "work-shy". These were men of working age, who had twice refused a job offered to them or given up after a short time. After performing this action, the Gestapo then cooperated with the labor offices in dealing with these men.[citation needed]

The implementation of the action was scheduled for March, but was postponed due to the annexation of Austria.[6] The arrest operation was far-reaching all over the Reich in the period from 21 to 30 April. Overall, there were between 1500 and 2000 male "work-shy" deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp.[7]

Actions in May and June 1938

Those detained under the status of "Preventive Criminals" was not limited to the "work-shy", but used in arrests much more broadly. An implementing directive of the Reich Criminal code in April 1938 defined "asocial" as any person who showed continual misconduct or repeated violations of the law, who did not fit into the community and submit to the "self-evident order" the Nazi state desired. These particularly were vagrants, beggars, prostitutes, gypsies and alcoholics. Even people with untreated venereal diseases were included as well.[8]

On Hitler's personal orders Jews were included in the order.[9] Wolf Gruner quotes the statement made by Hitler in the last week of May 1938 in the following notation: "the completion of major earthworks throughout the Reich” would be completed by “anti-social and criminal Jews to be arrested."[10] When the order was passed orally, it was misunderstood, because the meaning of "anti-social" changed depending on the usage of uppercase or lowercase. In fact, the state police headquarters in Vienna took "flash" initiative and ordered that the district police stations on 24 May 1938 "immediately arrest unpleasant, especially criminally predisposed Jews and to bring them to the Dachau concentration camp." The first two transports of 31 May and 3 June, included nearly 1,200 Jews and are referred to by Wolf Gruner as "Austrian Promotions".[11]

In the June deportations, it was predominantly "anti-social" persons who were arrested. Generally, for the second action, it was mostly Jews living within the Austrian kingdom, whose criminal record included convictions of more than four weeks, who were deemed "anti-social". This next wave of arrests known as the June action led to the arrests of about 9000 men by police from 13 to 18 June.[12]

In the "June Special" Jews were disproportionately detained with about 2,300 men in total. Criminal history was often not based on normal delinquency alone, but based largely on tracking back several offenses far from the past, including minor infringements such as traffic violations.[9][13]

211 Jewish prisoners were admitted to the Dachau concentration camp.[14] 1,256 Jewish men were admitted to the Buchenwald concentration camp and 824 to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where they were subjected to harassment.[9]

Classification

The focus of security police activity to combat political enemies had shifted to the rejection of "anti-social" behavior, which tended to be socially harmful conduct supposedly due to hereditary predisposition.[15] Heydrich justified the action in a quick letter to the criminal police control centers, stating anti-social behaviour would not be tolerated beyond the ability to work, so as to have no set backs to the Four Year infrastructure plan.[16][17]

Wolfgang Ayass suggests that workers were often not chosen based on the alleged dangerousness of the individual or his "asocial" behaviour, but his work ability was often the decisive arrest criterion. In many concentration camps, these men were marked with a black inmate insignia and formed groups of "asocial" workers until the outbreak of the larger war. Martin Broszat noted that at this time the SS began increasing material production for its armaments and buildings and in concentration camps, larger prisoner quotas were needed.[18] The "Work-shy" workers were often used as a deterrent to other "slackers" in the labour force, since they often had more difficult tasks.[19]

The "June Special" was also the first carried out by the security police on their own discretion, in which a large number of German Jews were deported to concentration camps.[20] Their inclusion in the June action goes back to Hitler's personal orders from 1 June 1938, to have them included.[9][21] Christian Dirks suggests a connection with anti-Semitic attacks in Berlin, which, starting in May, escalated from 13 to 16 June 1938 with boycotts of Jewish shops, marking shops, raids on cafes and arrests.[22] Christian Faludi noted a connection between Joseph Goebbels and Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf in staging "anti-Semitic street riots" in Berlin and advancing the goal of a "totally centralized state solution” by the intelligence apparatus of Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler.[23]

Wolfgang Ayass believed numbers in the "work-shy Empire" deteriorated, considering that they were mostly freed in 1939 in the amnesty on occasion of Hitler's fiftieth birthday.[24] Comparable mass arrests for these groups were never repeated. However, up to 1945, there were still continuous "asocial" and "work-shy" prisoners sent to concentration camps. Himmler himself estimated in 1943 that the total number of "antisocial" and "professional criminal" detainees to be around 70,000 people.[25]

Julia Hoerath points out that the "general racial prevention" orders were often conflicting between local and central authorities. SS and Gestapo leadership did not immediately establish authority on the issue.[26]

Literature

  • Wolfgang Ayass: "A bid of the national labor discipline". The "action indolence Empire" in 1938, in: Contributions to the National Socialist Health and Social Policy, Vol 6, Berlin 1988, p 43–74.
  • Wolfgang Ayass: "asocial" in National Socialism. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7.
  • Wolfgang Ayass: "community aliens". Sources to pursue "asocial" 1933-1945, Koblenz 1998th
  • Christian Dierks: The June-action 'in Berlin in 1938. In: Beate Meyer, Hermann Simon: Jews in Berlin from 1938 to 1945. (Companion volume to the exhibition at the Foundation "New Synagogue Berlin – Centrum Judaicum"), Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8257-0168-9.
  • Jens Kolata: The social disciplining and "racial hygiene". The pursuit of "antisocial", "work-shy", "Swing Youth" and Sinti, in: Ingrid Bauz, Sigrid Brüggemann, Roland Maier (eds.): The Secret State Police in Württemberg and Hohenzollern, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 3-89657-138- 9, pp 321–337 (not seen)
  • Stefanie Schüler Springorum: mass detainment in concentration camps. Action "work-shy Empire", November pogrom, action "Storm". In: Wolfgang Benz (Eds.): The place of terror. History of the Nazi concentration camp. Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52961-5, vol. 1, pp 156–164.
  • Christian Faludi (Eds.): The "June Special" 1938 A documentation of the radicalization of the persecution of the Jews. Campus, Frankfurt a. M. / New York, 2013, ISBN 978-3-593-39823-5

See also

References

  1. ^ Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7, S. 165.
  2. ^ Hans-Dieter Schmid: Die Aktion ‚Arbeitsscheu Reich‘ 1938. In: Herbert Diercks (Red.): Ausgegrenzt. ‘Asoziale und Kriminelle‘ im nationalsozialistischen Lagersystem, Bremen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8378-4005-6, S. 33.
  3. ^ Z.B. Erlaß Heydrichs an die Kriminalpolizeileitstellen vom 18.6.1940, abgedruckt bei Wolfgang Ayaß, „Gemeinschaftsfremde“. Quellen zur Verfolgung von „Asozialen“, Koblenz 1998, Nr. 102.
  4. ^ Das Stichwort fehlt bei Wolfgang Benz u. a. (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus. München 1997, ISBN 3-423-33007-4 und Israel Gutman u. a. (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie des Holocaust.München und Zürich 1995, ISBN 3-492-22700-7.; dort in Bd. IV S. 1679 unter Datum erwähnt als „Asozialen-Aktion".
  5. ^ Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7, S. 139.
  6. ^ Christian Faludi (Hrsg.): Die „Juni-Aktion“ 1938. Eine Dokumentation zur Radikalisierung der Judenverfolgung. Campus, Frankfurt a. M./New York 2013, ISBN 978-3-593-39823-5, S. 34.
  7. ^ Stefanie Schüler-Springorum: Masseneinweisungen in Konzentrationslager. Aktion „Arbeitsscheu Reich“, Novemberpogrom, Aktion „Gewitter“. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. München 2005, ISBN 3-406-52961-5,Bd. 1, S. 158.
  8. ^ Zitiert nach Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7, S. 147/148.
  9. ^ a b c d Stefanie Schüler-Springorum: Masseneinweisungen in Konzentrationslager.... In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Der Ort des Terrors... München 2005, ISBN 3-406-52961-5,Bd. 1, S. 159.
  10. ^ Wolf Gruner: Zwangsarbeit und Verfolgung – Österreichische Juden im NS-Staat 1938-1945, Innsbruck u.a. 2000, ISBN 3-7065-1396-X, S. 33.
  11. ^ Zitiert nach Wolf Gruner: Zwangsarbeit und Verfolgung..., Innsbruck u.a. 2000, ISBN 3-7065-1396-X, S. 34.
  12. ^ Stefanie Schüler-Springorum: Masseneinweisungen in Konzentrationslager.... In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Der Ort des Terrors... München 2005, ISBN 3-406-52961-5,Bd. 1, S. 156 / Genaue Zahl 9497 angegeben bei Hans-Dieter Schmid: Die Aktion ‚Arbeitsscheu Reich‘ 1938. In: Herbert Diercks (Red.): Ausgegrenzt. ‘Asoziale und Kriminelle‘ im nationalsozialistischen Lagersystem, Bremen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8378-4005-6, S. 36.
  13. ^ Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945 (Quellensammlung) Band 2: Deutsches Reich 1938 – August 1939 (hrsg. von Susanne Heim), München 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58523-0, S. 188.
  14. ^ Hans-Dieter Schmid: Die Aktion ‚Arbeitsscheu Reich‘ 1938. In: Herbert Diercks (Red.): Ausgegrenzt. ‘Asoziale und Kriminelle‘ im nationalsozialistischen Lagersystem, Bremen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8378-4005-6, S. 37.
  15. ^ Ulrich Herbert: Von der Gegnerbekämpfung zur „rassischen Generalprävention“. In: Ulrich Herbert u. a. (Hrsg.): Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager.Frankfurt/M. 2002, ISBN 3-596-15516-9, Bd. 1, S. 81.
  16. ^ Dokument VEJ 2/39 = Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945 (Quellensammlung) Band 2: Deutsches Reich 1938 – August 1939 (hrsg. von Susanne Heim), München 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58523-0, S. 160f.
  17. ^ zitiert nach Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7, S. 149.
  18. ^ Martin Broszat: Nationalsozialistische Konzentrationslager 1933-1945. In: Anatomie des SS-Staates. München 1967, Bd. 2, S. 77.
  19. ^ Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7, S. 164.
  20. ^ Christian Dierks: Die ‚Juni-Aktion‘ 1938 in Berlin. In: Beate Meyer, Hermann Simon: Juden in Berlin 1938–1945. (Begleitband zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung in der Stiftung „Neue Synagoge Berlin – Centrum Judaicum“) Berlin 2000, S. 34.
  21. ^ Dokument 33 bei Christian Faludi (Hrsg.): Die „Juni-Aktion“ 1938. Eine Dokumentation zur Radikalisierung der Judenverfolgung. Campus, Frankfurt a. M./New York 2013, ISBN 978-3-593-39823-5, S. 201.
  22. ^ Christian Dierks: Die ‚Juni-Aktion‘ 1938 in Berlin. In: Beate Meyer, Hermann Simon: Juden in Berlin 1938–1945, Berlin 2000, S. 34–41 / Saul Friedländer:Das Dritte Reich und die Juden: Bd. 1., Die Jahre der Verfolgung: 1933–1939, durchgeseh. Sonderausgabe München 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-56681-3, S. 282–284.
  23. ^ Christian Faludi (Hrsg.): Die „Juni-Aktion“ 1938. Eine Dokumentation zur Radikalisierung der Judenverfolgung. Campus, Frankfurt a. M./New York 2013, ISBN 978-3-593-39823-5, S. 9.
  24. ^ Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7, S. 170–172.
  25. ^ Wolfgang Ayaß: „Asoziale“ im Nationalsozialismus. Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91704-7, S. 172.
  26. ^ Julia Hörath: Terrorinstrument der „Volksgemeinschaft“. KZ-Haft für „Asoziale“ und „Berufsverbrecher“ 1933 bis 1937/38. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 60(2012), H. 6., S. 532.

This information is adapted from Wikipedia which is publicly available.

Read other articles:

Your Hit Parade was an American radio and television music program that was broadcast from 1935 to 1953 on radio, and seen from 1950 to 1959 on television. In 1935, they began publishing the earliest weekly music chart, preceding the Billboard singles chart, which was updated weekly by the Billboard magazine beginning on July 27, 1940. The Your Hit Parade chart was established in April 1935, which operated under a proprietary formula to determine the popularity of a song based on five factors, i…

Pemilihan parlemen Sri Lanka ke-101989200016 Agustus 1994Seluruh 225 kursi pada Parlemen Sri Lanka 113 kursi dibutuhkan untuk mayoritasKehadiran pemilih76.24%Kandidat   Partai pertama Partai kedua   Ketua Chandrika Kumaratunga D. B. Wijetunga Partai Aliansi Rakyat Partai Nasional Serikat Ketua sejak 1994 1993 Kursi ketua Distrik Gampaha n/a Pemilu sebelumnya 67 Kursi, 31.8% [a] 125 Kursi, 50.7% Kursi yang dimenangkan 105 94 Perubahan kursi 38 31 Su…

School district in Pennsylvania Keystone Oaks School DistrictAddress1000 Kelton Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15216United StatesDistrict informationTypePublicEstablished1965; 58 years ago (1965)Students and staffDistrict mascotGolden EagleColorsGold and whiteOther informationWebsitehttp://www.kosd.org/ Keystone Oaks School District is a small, public school district in suburban Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The district consists of 3 non-contiguous communities and encompasses ap…

Province of the Dominican Republic Province in Dominican RepublicHermanas MirabalProvince Coat of armsLocation of the Hermanas Mirabal ProvinceCountry Dominican RepublicProvince since1952CapitalSalcedoGovernment • TypeSubdivisions • Body3 municipalities2 municipal districts • Congresspersons1 Senator 2 DeputiesArea • Total440.43 km2 (170.05 sq mi)Population (2014) • Total121,887 • Density280/km2 (720…

ПершокурсникThe Freshman Жанр кінокомедіяРежисер Ендрю БергманПродюсер Майк ЛобеллСценарист Ендрю БергманУ головних ролях Марлон БрандоМетью БродерікМаксиміліан ШеллОператор Вільям ФрекерКомпозитор Девід НьюменХудожник Кен АдамdКінокомпанія TriStar PicturesДистриб'ютор TriStar Pict…

Esta página ou seção foi marcada para revisão devido a incoerências ou dados de confiabilidade duvidosa. Se tem algum conhecimento sobre o tema, por favor, verifique e melhore a coerência e o rigor deste artigo.Considere colocar uma explicação mais detalhada na discussão. Mielopatia Especialidade neurologia Classificação e recursos externos CID-10 G95 CID-9 336.9 CID-11 740682437 DiseasesDB 22984 MeSH D013118  Leia o aviso médico  Mielopatia é uma doença que compromete a …

Львів Стародавній міжнародний фестиваль середньовічної культуриЖанр середньовічна культураДати 29-30 травняМісце проведення Шевченківський гай (Музей народної архітектури і побуту у Львові, вул. Чернеча Гора, 1)Роки існування 2006, 2010Засновано Клуб історичної реконструкці

Polish equestrian Kazimierz de Rostwo-SuskiPersonal informationNationalityPolishBorn(1891-09-21)21 September 1891Karpylivka, Austria-HungaryDied9 March 1974(1974-03-09) (aged 82)Kraków, PolandSportSportEquestrian Kazimierz de Rostwo-Suski (21 September 1891 – 9 March 1974) was a Polish equestrian.[1] He competed in two events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[2] References ^ Kazimierz de Rostwo-Suski. Olympedia. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; He…

Australian TV series or program GetawayGetaway logoGenreTravelPresented byCurrentCatriona RowntreeDavid ReyneJason DundasTim BlackwellComposerNeil SutherlandCountry of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons32 (as of 2023)ProductionExecutive producerJohn WalshProducersScott Sinclair, Tim Thatcher, Anita Lane, Josh Martin, Rochell Martin, Nia Pericles, Majella Wiemers, Jason SintomeProduction locationInternational & DomesticCamera setupSteve Davis, Jamie Hamill, Chris Mille…

Kristalisasi es pada suatu semak. Kristalisasi atau penghabluran adalah proses pembentukan bahan padat dari pengendapan larutan, melt (campuran leleh), atau lebih jarang pengendapan langsung dari gas. Kristalisasi juga merupakan teknik pemisahan kimia antara bahan padat-cair, di mana terjadi perpindahan jisim (mass transfer) dari suatu zat terlarut (solute) dari cairan larutan ke fase kristal padat. Termodinamika Karakter proses kristalisasi ditentukan oleh termodinamika dan faktor kinetik, yang…

West Simsbury Plaats in de Verenigde Staten Vlag van Verenigde Staten Locatie van West Simsbury in Connecticut Locatie van Connecticut in de VS Situering County Hartford County Type plaats Census-designated place Staat Connecticut Coördinaten 41° 52′ NB, 72° 51′ WL Algemeen Oppervlakte 11,3 km² - land 11,3 km² - water 0,0 km² Inwoners (2000) 2.395 Hoogte 98 m Overig FIPS-code 83990 Portaal    Verenigde Staten West Simsbury is een plaats (census-designated place) in de…

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …

American football player (born 1989) American football player Akeem AyersAyers with the Colts in 2016No. 56, 55, 48Position:LinebackerPersonal informationBorn: (1989-07-10) July 10, 1989 (age 34)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Height:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Weight:247 lb (112 kg)Career informationHigh school:Los Angeles (CA) Verbum DeiCollege:UCLANFL Draft:2011 / Round: 2 / Pick: 39Career history Tennessee Titans (2011–2014) New England Patriots (2014) …

Film Titel Otto – Der neue Film Produktionsland Bundesrepublik Deutschland Originalsprache Deutsch Erscheinungsjahr 1987 Länge 82 Minuten Altersfreigabe FSK 0 Stab Regie Xaver Schwarzenberger, Otto Waalkes Drehbuch Bernd Eilert, Robert Gernhardt, Peter Knorr, Otto Waalkes Produktion Horst Wendlandt Musik Thomas Kukuck, Christoph Leis-Bendorff, Otto Waalkes Kamera Xaver Schwarzenberger, Michael Stöger Schnitt Jutta Hering Besetzung Otto Waalkes: Otto Waalkes Anja Jaenicke: Anna Rettich U…

Comedy podcast PodcastConan O'Brien Needs a FriendPresentationHosted byConan O'BrienMatt GourleySona MovsesianGenreComedyInterviewLanguageEnglishLength32–91 minutesProductionProductionTeam CocoEarwolfTheme music composed byThe White StripesOpening themeWe're Going to Be FriendsNo. of episodes234 including 3 reruns, 6 specials, 6 bonus, and 105 fan extra episodesPublicationOriginal releaseNovember 19, 2018 (2018-11-19)ProviderTeam Coco & Earwolf Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend i…

Lúcio Pedânio Segundo Cônsul do Império Romano Consulado 43 d.C. Morte 61 d.C. Lúcio Pedânio Segundo (em latim: Lucius Pedanius Secundus; m. 61) foi um senador romano nomeado cônsul sufecto para o nundínio de março a julho de 43 com Sexto Palpélio Histro[1]. Sua família era oriunda de Barcino, na Hispânia Tarraconense. Carreira Depois do consulado, Segundo foi nomeado prefeito urbano de Roma por Nero. Pouco se sabe sobre além disto sobre sua vida, exceto que ele foi assassinado em 6…

Semi-automatic pistol Bauer Automatic Bauer AutomaticTypeSemi-automatic pistolPlace of origin United StatesService historyUsed byLEOs, detectives, civiliansProduction historyDesignerRobert Bauer Sr.ManufacturerBauer Firearms Co.Unit costInitially around $100Produced1972–1984No. builtUnknownVariantsFraserSpecificationsMass.284 kg (0.63 lb) with empty magazine (10 OZ)Length102.5 mm (4.04 in) (4)Barrel length53.3 mm (2.10 in)Width25…

Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material Crystal structure of table salt (sodium in purple, chlorine in green) In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material.[1] Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter. The smallest group…

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: My Greatest Songs Etta James album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1992 greatest hits album by Etta JamesMy Greatest SongsGreatest hits album by Etta JamesReleased1992GenreR&BLabelMCA My …

For the American Marxist, see Max Shachtman. German bicycle racer Maximilian SchachmannSchachmann at 2018 Deutschland TourPersonal informationFull nameMaximilian SchachmannBorn (1994-01-09) 9 January 1994 (age 29)Berlin, GermanyHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)[1]Weight70 kg (154 lb; 11 st 0 lb)[1]Team informationCurrent teamBora–HansgroheDisciplineRoadRoleRiderRider typeAll-rounderProfessional teams2013Thüringer Energie Team2014De…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya

Lokasi Pengunjung: 18.189.171.86