Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar
A 1950s portrait of Ahmad Attar
Native name	أحمد عبد الغفور عطار
Born	(1916-10-11)October 11, 1916 Mecca, Kingdom of Hejaz
Died	February 1, 1991(1991-02-01) (aged 74) Jedda, Saudi Arabia
Occupation	writer journalist essayist translator poet
Language	Arabic
Nationality	Hejazi (1916-1925/1932) Saudi Arabian (1932–1991)
Years active	1936–1991
Signature

Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar (Arabic: أحمد عبد الغفور عطار, romanized: ʿAḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghafūr Aṭṭār; 11 October 1916 – 1 February 1991) was a Saudi Arabian writer, journalist and poet, best known for his works about 20th-century Islamic challenges. Born in Mecca, capital city of Hejazi Hashemite Kingdom. He received a basic education and graduated from the Saudi Scientific Institute in 1937, took a scholarship for higher studies in Cairo University, then returned to his country and worked in some government offices before devoting himself to literature and research. ^[1] Attar wrote many works about Arabic linguistic and Islamic studies, ^[2] and gained fame as a Muslim apologist, anti-communist and anti-Zionist, he who believed in flexibility of Islamic jurisprudence for modern era. Praised by Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad, he was also noted for his defense of Modern Standard Arabic against colloquial or spoken Arabic.^[3] In the 1960s, he established the famous Okaz newspaper and then the Kalimat al-Haqq magazine, which lasted only about eight months.^[2] He died at the age of 74 in Jeddah.^[4][5]

He nasab is Ahmad bin Abd al-Ghafoor bin Muhammad-Noor bin Bakku Attar, belongs to a Meccan known family of Bengali descent who migrated from Bengal to Hejaz in the mid-19th century and settled in Mecca. ^[6][7][8] He was born in 14 Dhul-Hijjah 1334/ 11 October 1916 in the neighborhood of Jabal al-Kaaba of Mecca, capital city of the Hejazi Hashemite Kingdom, and raised in the Misfalah neighborhood. His father, a Hanafi Sunni Muslim scholar, worked in the trade of perfumes, silk textiles, and turbans, He was also studied Qur'an and the Sunnah, and his mother taught him the alphabets and writing.^[9] As a child, he attended regular schools, Al-Fayizin School, then Al-Falah School, from which he moved to Al-Masaa' School. He learned Hanafi jurisprudence from his father. He also studied some of his religious sciences and Quran reading in the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in 1926, as his parents traveled to Medina that year.^[10] He obtained his high school diploma from the Saudi Scientific Institute in Mecca in 1936. In the next year sent by then the Saudi government to the Dar Al Uloom School in Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt. He spent one year there, during which he combined Dar Al Uloom classes and listening at the Faculty of Arts in the Fouad I University. But special family circumstances forced him to drop out of higher education in these two institutes, and he was forced to return to Saudi Arabia.^[11] Continued his studies as an autodidact by extensive reading in Arabic literature, language, philosophy, religion and various knowledges.^[12][8]

Ahmad Attar worked in the Saudi Public Security as Inspector for three years, then switched from his employee career to devote himself to journalism and writing. ^[12] In 1949, he published the newspaper Al-Bayan.^[9]

Started his literary career in early ages, when he was a student at the Saudi Scientific Institute. He published My Book (Kitabi) (1936), a collection of literary articles he had published in the Umm Al-Qura and Al-Hijaz newspapers. It also contains examples of Prose poetry that was assented among Saudi intellectuals at the time, influenced by the Mahjar poetry. In 1946, he published his only poetry collection, Passion and Youth (al-Hawá wa-al-shabāb). ^[13] Its introduction was written by Taha Hussein, called him who revived modern poetry in Saudi Arabia and praised the meanings of his words. ^[1] According to Bafaqih, his poetry particularly has a romantic character, appeared in natural style and emotional expression, and has the strength of style, intensity, and the clarity of lyrics. Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad's influence on him is clear from an epistemological point of view and his daring to face Arabic literary feuds. He became known for his association with Al-Aqqad and became a famous defender of him.^[14]

Attar then turned to the story and theatre. He released his short story collection I want to see God (Urīdu an ará Allāh) in 1947, and the play Migration (Hijra) in the same year. In the 1950s, he translated from Bengali the play Red Oleanders by Tagore, 1951. Then he wrote his autobiography in 1981, Between prison and exile (Bayna al-sijn wa-al-manfá), in which he told the story of his imprisonment in 1937.^[14] He had a relationship with the Egyptian Christian writer Salama Moussa and because of this connection, Al-Attar was accused of "spreading harmful propaganda against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its government". He was imprisoned for this, and Attar wrote about this incident in his book.^[15] The book tells the story of his accusation of a slander and arrest for nine months in 1936, which he spent in Al-Furn prison in Mecca and then in Al-Masmak prison in Riyadh. When Attar was proven innocent of the accusation against him, which was "writing against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" in the Egyptian newspapers, then King Abdulaziz Al Saud ordered his release and appreciation. In prison, he wrote an introduction to the book of the prison agent, Abd al-Aaziz Al-Uhaidib, on Nabati poetry while he was detained in Al-Masmak prison. Attar also resented the imam who was brought in by the administration for the prisoners because of his Sharia and linguistic mistakes, so he met with him once to teach him.^[16]

He established a newspaper titled Okaz, the first issue of which was published on 28 April 1960, and became its editor-in-chief. In 1964, he founded the Okaz Organization for press and publication. ^[17][2][12] He published in Okaz many of his articles, as well as issued from Mecca a magazine called Kalimat al-Haqq, which ceased publication after four issues of it he suspended it due to financial circumstances.^[12] As a journalist, he is one of the pioneers of the Saudi press and has participated in the development of essays of Saudi prose literature. The topics of his articles and essays varied between criticism, literature, language, sociology and religion, has published in many Saudi newspapers and magazines, except for Okaz.^[12] Okaz continued to be published until the dissolution of the system of press institutions in Saudi Arabia in 1963, from the ownership of individuals to the ownership of institutions; Okaz joined to an institution bearing the same name.^[7] He wrote numerous critical articles in the newspapers Umm Al-Qura, Sawt Al-Hijaz, Al-Manhal and Al-Bilad in which he expressed his views clearly; he defended "authentic" Arabic poetry, criticized the "free" poetry movement, and participated in some literary feuds of the time. His articles were published in collections: Al-Maqalat (1947), Al-Bayan (1949) and Kalam fi Al-Adab (1964). ^[14] He was also appointed as an advisor to the royal court.^[9] Attar founded the magazine Kalimat al-Haq in 1967; the publication did not live long due to financial difficulties.^[18]

Attar also developed strong interpersonal relationships with some of the writers of his time, especially the Egyptians. He participated with Muhammad Abd al-Salam Harun in his classical linguistic research. ^[15] In the last period of his writing career, his literary works dwindled, and he engaged in research in the fields of language, history and religion, which inspired some of his books. His linguistic output included research in confronting the advocates of "colloquial Arabic" and defending the supremacy of "Fusha" Arabic.^[14]However, his strongest relationship was with another Egyptian writer, Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad.^[15]

Attar wrote many Anti-communism and Anti-Zionism works and he is considered one of the most famous Saudi critical-political writers of the 20th century. According to his biographer Zuhayr Kutubi [ar], Attar had prominent tendencies to the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan) of Egypt. Kutubi stated in May 2015 that Attar had a "great, sensitive, and influential role" in spreading the Ikhwan's ideology in Saudi Arabia, and was a friend of Sayyid Qutb: "Al-Attar is the only Saudi – as far as I know – who has been in the international organization of the Brotherhood, and a non-permanent member of the Irshad Office since the fifties. He used to meet – Sayyid Qutb in Cairo a lot, and Hassan al-Banna, and the others who came after him, and he had wonderful intellectual and cultural positions with them, by support of King Faisal."^[19]

He was married to Muzayyin Haqqi, an exceptional writer.^[20] In March 2011, a thought-gathering held in Jeddah for his honor whose participants were his granddaughters.^[21]

He had a big private library containing over 25,000 volumes, which by his will moved to the Library of the Grand Mosque of Mecca in 1987.^[5][22]

He suffered a stroke in his old age. After that, he lived with a long treatment, became blind and weak-walking.^[18] He died on 17 Rajab 1411 / 1 February 1991 in Jedda. ^{[23] [24]} A street was named after him in the city of Riyadh, Ar Ruwaidhah 19976.

He was honored by Syrian and Iraqi Academy of Sciences.^[25] He has been awarded by:

• 1984: State Appreciation Award in Literature. ^[14] He donated the prize of the award to the Afghan mujahideen in the same year.^[17]
• Saudi Medal of Merit ^[26]

He wrote many books, including:^[5]

• Sasi, Abd al-Salam Tahir (1968). al-Mawsūʻa al-adabiyya : dāʼirat maʻārif li-abraz udabāʼ al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya al-Suʻūdiyya الموسوعة الأدبية؛ دائرة معارف أبرز أدباء المملكة العربية السعودية [literary encyclopedia; Encyclopedia of the most prominent writers of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia] (in Arabic). Vol. 1 (first ed.). Mecca, Saudi Arabia: Dar Quraysh. ISBN 9789779102146.
• Maghribi, Muhammad Ali (1993). Aʻlām al-Ḥijāz fī al-qarn al-rābiʻ ʻashar lil-Hijrah أعلام الحجاز في القرن الرابع عشر والخامس عشر الهجري [Eminents of Hejaz in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries AH] (in Arabic). Vol. 4 (first ed.). Jedda, KSA: Tahama.
• Hussein, Mustafa Ibrahim (1994). Udaba' Sa 'udiyun, tarjamat shamilah li-sab 'at wa-'ishrin adiban أدباء سعوديون؛ ترجمات شاملة لسبعة وعشرين أديبًا [Saudi writers:comprehensive biographies of twenty-seven writers] (in Arabic) (first ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar al-Rifa'i. pp. 29–49. ISBN 9789960662008.
• Al-Hazimi, Ibrahim bin Abdullah (1998). of Mawsūʻat aʻlām al-qarn al-rābiʻ ʻashar wa-al-khāmis ʻashar al-Hijrī fī al-ʻālam al-ʻArabī wa-al-Islāmī: min 1301 hatta 1417 AH موسوعة أعلام القرن الرابع عشر والخامس عشر [Encyclopedia of the eminents of the fourteenth and fifteenth Hijri centuries in the Arab and Islamic world: from 1301 to 1417 AH] (in Arabic). Vol. 1 (first ed.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar al-Sharif. ISBN 9789960640167.
• Basalamah, Farooq bin Saleh (2013). Min ruwad al-adab al-Saudi من رواد الأدب السعودي [Pioneers of Saudi literature] (in Arabic) (first ed.). Amman, Jordan: Dar Ammar. pp. 86–92. ISBN 9789953542744.
• Bafaqih, Hussein Muhammad (2015). Hamdi, al-Sakkut (ed.). Qāmūs al-Adab al-ʻArabi al-Hadith قاموس الأدب العربي الحديث [Dictionary of Modern Arabic Literature] (in Arabic) (first ed.). Cairo, Egypt: General Egyptian Book Organization. ISBN 9789779102146.
• Al-Jundi, Ibrahim (2015). Tuḥfat al-zaman bi-tartīb tarājim A'lām al-adab wa-al-fann تحفة الزمن بترتيب تراجم أعلام الأدب والفن (in Arabic). Vol. 1 (first ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Muqtabas. ISBN 9789933547264.

• Kutubī, Zuhayr Muḥammad Jamīl (1990). al-Àttar, àmid al-adab العطار، عميد الأدب [Attar, The Dean of Literature] (in Arabic) (first ed.). Jedda, KSA: Dār al-Funūn.

• "Al-Rahel" on YouTube, Khalejia TV, May 2020 program about Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar (Arabic)
• at archive.alsharekh.org (Arabic)