PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Eastern cottonmouth
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Agkistrodon
Species:	A. piscivorus
Subspecies:	A. p. piscivorus
Trinomial name
	Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus; (Lacépède, 1789)
	Geographic variation of A. piscivorus A. p. piscivorus Intergradation
Synonyms
	Crotalus piscivorus – Lacépède, 1789; Trigonocephalus piscivorus – Duméeril & Bibron, 1854; Ancistrodon piscivorus – Cope, 1860; Toxicophis piscivorus – Baird & Girard, 1853; Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus – Conant & Collins, 1991;

Common names: Eastern cottonmouth, cottonmouth moccasin, water moccasin, moccasin^[4]^[5]

Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus was formerly a venomous pitviper, one of three subspecies of Agkistrodon piscivorus, with different geographic distributions,^[6] found in the southeastern United States. However, recent taxonomic changes do not recognize any subspecies of cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) as a valid taxa.

New Taxonomy

The eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus)^[4]^[5] was once classified as a subspecies of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus). However, DNA based studies published in 2008 and 2015, revealed no significant genetic difference between the eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) and the western cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) and synonymized the two subspecies (with the oldest published name, A. piscivorus, having priority). The resulting taxonomy does not recognizes the eastern cottonmouth (A. p. piscivorus) as a valid taxon.^[7]^[8] Several subsequent reviews and species accounts have followed and supported the revised taxonomy.^[9]^[10]^{: 437 p.}^[11] Information on this snake can be found in the Agkistrodon piscivorus article.

Description

Patterning on a younger specimen

This subspecies reaches 20–48 inches (51–121 cm) in length on average but has reached 74.5 inches (189 cm). The colour is mainly dark, and the body heavy. However younger specimens have red to brown crossbands, with a lighter brown background. The crossbands are spotted and speckled, and the tail sulphur coloured. The patterning darkens with time with many older adults being completely black.

The scales are keeled and dark broad stripes on the face disguise the eyes, which cannot be seen when viewed from above, and have a vertical (cat's-eye) slit like pupil. The eye is separated from the nostril by a deep facial pit.^[3]

Geographic range

The United States in southeastern Virginia, the Atlantic Coastal Plain and lower Piedmont of North and South Carolina, including the banks, peninsulas and islands along the Atlantic coast, and west across Georgia (see map).

References

^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ ^a ^b Florida Museum of Natural History: Eastern Cottonmouth
^ ^a ^b Conant R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition. First published in 1958. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston. 429 pp. 48 plates. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hc), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (pb).
^ ^a ^b Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes. Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. ISBN 0-8014-0463-0.
^ "Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ Guiher TJ, Burbrink FT (2008). Demographic and phylogeographic histories of two venomous North American snakes of the genus Agkistrodon. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48: 543–553.
^ Burbrink, Frank T. and Timothy J. Guiher. 2014. Considering gene flow when using coalescent methods to delimit lineages of North American pitvipers of the genus Agkistrodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173: 505–526.
^ Crother, B. I. ( editor). 2017. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding, 8th. edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43, 1–102 pp. (page 59) ISBN 978-1-946681-00-3
^ Powell, Robert, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins. 2016. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Co. New York. 494 pp. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9
^ Uetz P, Freed P, Aguilar R, Hošek J (editors) (2021). The Reptile Database, Agkistrodon piscivorus (accessed 6 August 2021)