Agilisaurus

Agilisaurus
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic, 168–164 Ma
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Mounted skeleton at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Neornithischia
Genus: †Agilisaurus
Peng, 1990
Species:
†A. louderbacki
Binomial name
†Agilisaurus louderbacki
Peng, 1990[1]

Agilisaurus (/ˌædʒɪlɪˈsɔːrəs/; 'agile lizard') is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period of what is now eastern Asia. It was about 3.5–4 ft (1.2-1.7 m) long, 2 ft (0.6 m) in height and 40 kg in weight.[2]

It has leaf-shaped teeth that were well-adapted to their abrasive, plant-based diets. Most surprisingly, the wavy enamel of the teeth of A. louderbacki and all other ornithopods, presumably to make it more resistant to wear, was previously thought to be exclusive to the hadrosaurs.[3] This is also the case for Changchunsaurus parvus.[3]

Discovery and history

Holotype specimen in Zigong Dinosaur Museum

There is one named species (A. louderbacki), named after Dr. George Louderback, an American geologist and the first to recognize dinosaur fossils from the Sichuan Province of China in 1915. The holotype, which is the only known specimen, was discovered in 1984, during the construction of the Zigong Dinosaur Museum. Both genus and type species were named by Chinese paleontologist Peng Guangzhou in very brief fashion in 1990,[1] then described in further detail by Peng in 1992.[4]

The name is derived from the Latin "agilis" meaning 'agile' and the Greek "sauros" meaning 'lizard', and refers to the agility suggested by its lightweight skeleton and long legs. The species epithet, louderbacki, honors the late U.S. geologist Dr. George D. Louderback the first to discover fossils within the Sichuan Basin in 1915.[5]

A single complete skeleton of A. louderbacki is known to science, one of the most complete small ornithischian skeletons ever found. Only a few parts of its left fore limb and hind limb are missing, and those can be reconstructed from their counterparts on the right side.[1][6]

This skeleton was actually discovered during the construction of the Zigong Dinosaur Museum, in which it is now housed.[7] This museum features many dinosaurs recovered from the famous Dashanpu Quarry[8] outside the city of Zigong, in the Chinese province of Sichuan, including Agilisaurus, as well as Xuanhanosaurus,[9] Shunosaurus,[10] and Huayangosaurus.[11] This quarry preserves sediment from the Lower Shaximiao Formation (sometimes called "Xiashaximiao") which ranges from the Bathonian through Callovian stages of the Middle Jurassic Period, or from about 168 to 161 million years ago.[12]

Description

Life restoration

Its tibia (lower leg bone) 207.0 mm in length, was longer than its femur (upper leg bone) 199.0 mm in length, which indicates that it was an extremely fast bipedal runner, using its long tail for balance, although it may have walked on all fours when browsing for food.[6] It was a small herbivore, about 2 meters (6.5 feet) in length, and like all ornithischians, it had a beak-like structure on the ends of both upper and lower jaws to help it crop plant material.[6]

Because it lacks tail-stiffening interwoven bony struts, some paleontologists think it may have been a burrow dweller.[6]

Classification

Skeletal reconstruction

Despite its completeness, Agilisaurus has been placed in many different positions in the ornithischian family tree. It was originally placed in the family Fabrosauridae, which is no longer considered valid by most paleontologists.[1]

Several recent studies, including cladistic analyses, find Agilisaurus to be the most basal member of the group Euornithopoda, which includes all ornithopods more derived than the family Heterodontosauridae.[13] [14]

However, heterodontosaurs are not universally considered to be ornithopods and have been considered more closely related to the suborder Marginocephalia, which includes ceratopsians and pachycephalosaurs. In one recent cladistic analysis, Agilisaurus was found in a position basal to heterodontosaurs in the branch leading to Marginocephalia.[15]

Agilisaurus has been recovered in other positions as well, including as an ornithischian basal to both ornithopods and marginocephalians.[14][15]

Size compared to a human

In his more thorough 1992 description, Peng added a new species to the genus Agilisaurus.[6] This species had previously been known as Yandusaurus multidens. Because this species did not belong in the genus Yandusaurus and due to similarities with A. louderbacki, it was assigned the name Agilisaurus multidens.[6]

Other scientists were not convinced that this species belonged to either Yandusaurus or Agilisaurus, and in 2005, it was once again reassigned, this time to its own newly created genus. It is now known as Hexinlusaurus multidens.[16] Several studies agree that this species is slightly more derived than Agilisaurus.[17][16]

Paleobiology

Comparisons between the scleral rings of Agilisaurus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been diurnal, unlike larger herbivorous dinosaurs that were inferred to be cathemeral,[18] active throughout the day at short intervals.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Peng, G. (1990). "A new small ornithopod (Agilisaurus louderbacki gen. et sp. nov.) from Zigong, China". Newsletter of the Zigong Dinosaur Museum (in Chinese). 2: 19–27.
  2. ^ Paul, G.S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press
  3. ^ a b Jun Chen, Aaron R. H. LeBlanc, Liyong Jin, Timothy Huang, Robert R. Reisz. Tooth development, histology, and enamel microstructure in Changchunsaurus parvus: Implications for dental evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs. PLOS ONE, 2018; 13 (11): e0205206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205206
  4. ^ Peng, G. (1992). "Jurassic ornithopod Agilisaurus louderbacki (Ornithopoda: Fabrosauridae) from Zigong, Sichuan, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in Chinese). 30: 39–51.
  5. ^ Taliaferro, N.; Buck, T.; Lenzen, V.F. "George Davis Louderback, 1874–1957". University of California Museum of Paleontology.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Barrett, P.M.; Butler, R.J.; Knoll, F. (2005). "Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 823–834. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0823:sodftm]2.0.co;2.
  7. ^ Meissner, Dirk (2015-04-26). "Prehistoric dinosaur highway discovered in northeastern B.C." CBC.
  8. ^ Li, K; Liu, J.; Yang, C.; Hu, F. (2011). "Dinosaur assemblages from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation and Chuanjie Formation in the Sichuan-Yunnan Basin, China". Volumina Jurassica. 9 (9): 21–42.
  9. ^ Dong, Z. (1984). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan Basin". Vertebrata PalAsiatica 22(3):213-218
  10. ^ Dong, Z., Zhou, S. & Zhang, Y. 1983. [Dinosaurs from the Jurassic of Sichuan]. Palaeontologica Sinica, New Series C 162(23): 1-136
  11. ^ Dong, Z., Tang, Z. and Zhou, S.W. (1982). ["Note on the new Mid-Jurassic stegosaur from Sichuan Basin, China"] (in Chinese). Vertebrata PalAsiatica 20 (1) :83-87
  12. ^ See for a detailed geologic timescale Gradstein et al. (2004)
  13. ^ Butler, R.J. (2005). "The 'fabrosaurid' ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 145 (2): 175–218. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00182.x.
  14. ^ a b Butler, Richard J.; Upchurch, Paul; Norman, David B. (2008). "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (1): 1–40. Bibcode:2008JSPal...6....1B. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271. S2CID 86728076.
  15. ^ a b Xu, X.; Forster, C.A.; Clark, J.M.; Mo, J. (2006). "A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1598): 2135–40. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3566. PMC 1635516. PMID 16901832.
  16. ^ a b Barrett, P.M.; Butler, R. J.; Knoll, F. (2005). "Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 823–834. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0823:sodftm]2.0.co;2.
  17. ^ Norman, D.B., Sues, H-D., Witmer, L.M., & Coria, R.A. (2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmolska, H. (eds.) The Dinosauria (2nd Edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 393–412.
  18. ^ Weishampel, D.B.; Jianu, C.-M.; Csiki, Z.; Norman, D.B. (2003). "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (2): 65–123. Bibcode:2003JSPal...1...65W. doi:10.1017/s1477201903001032. S2CID 86339025.
  19. ^ Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology". Science. 332 (6030): 705–8. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..705S. doi:10.1126/science.1200043. PMID 21493820. S2CID 33253407.