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African harrier-hawk
	Adult, settled on sand bank and in flight
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Accipitriformes
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Polyboroides
Species:	P. typus
Binomial name
	Polyboroides typus; Smith, 1829
Subspecies
	P. t. typus - Smith, A, 1829; P. t. pectoralis - Sharpe, 1903;

The African harrier-hawk, harrier hawk or gymnogene (Polyboroides typus) is a bird of prey. It is about 60–66 centimetres (24–26 in) in length. It breeds in most of Africa south of the Sahara. The only other member of the genus is the allopatric Madagascar harrier-hawk (Polyboroides radiatus).

Description

The African harrier-hawk is a medium-sized raptor. The upperparts, head and breast are pale grey. The belly is white with fine dark barring. The broad wings are pale grey with a black trailing edge fringed with a narrow white line. The tail is black with a single broad white band. There is a bare facial patch of variable colour, usually red or yellow. Sexes are similar, but young birds have pale brown instead of grey, and dark brown replacing black. An unusual trait of this species is the double-jointed ankles it possesses, which enable it to reach into otherwise inaccessible holes and cracks for prey. A comparable leg-structure and behaviour can be found in the Neotropical crane hawk as well as the extinct Australian Pengana; a case of convergent evolution.

The call is a whistled sueee-sueee-sueee.

Distribution and habitat

African harrier-hawks are a common raptorial species south of the Sahara being most commonly found in the tropical regions of western Africa becoming less common in East and South Africa.^[3] African harrier-hawks are adaptable in their habitat preferences, occupying the following habitats in the Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve in the Central African Republic: thick rainforest, forest edge, riparian areas, agricultural land and human occupied areas.^[4] African harrier-hawks are adaptable and able to live in both urban and rural human occupied areas and they are one of the most common raptorial species in traditional rural villages of eastern Guinea-Bissau.^[5] African harrier-hawks have also been known to breed in Palm trees present in cities and urban gardens.^[6]

Biology

Breeding

Breeding season

The breeding season starts at different times in different parts of African harrier-hawk distribution. In Nigeria the breeding season is in March-August^[3] and South of the equator it appears that the breeding season is in the austral summer^[3] but can vary in the months of different countries in South Africa it is November-December but in Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe it is September–November.^[3]^[7]^[8]

Nests and nesting

Nest sites are most commonly in large trees^[3] that are sometimes growing out of or located on a rocky outcrop.^[9] Nests are circular and often placed in the main fork of the tree and are below the canopy. Nests can be used for several breeding seasons^[3] and are relatively big as are other raptors'^[3] reaching estimated sizes of 0.75m wide and 0.2m deep.^[3]^[9] Nests are made of sticks and are lined with leaves from trees neighbouring the nest.^[3] The clutch is one to three eggs.

Courtship

In the courtship display for African harrier-hawks, either one of or both individuals in a pair soar slowly together, at height, and can often be heard calling during this time.^[3] When the male flies on his own he often flies in an undulating pattern and flaps his wings.^[9] When the pair fly together, there have been records of the male diving towards the female^[3] and touching her back with his talons, and the female turning over and touching talons with the male.^[3]^[9]

Foraging

Diet

The African harrier-hawk is omnivorous, eating the fruit of the oil palm as well as hunting small vertebrates. Its ability to climb, using wings as well as feet, and its long double-jointed legs, enable this bird to raid the nests of cavity-nesters such as barbets and woodhoopoes for eggs and nestlings. It has been known to prey on introduced species such as feral pigeons, house sparrows and eastern gray squirrels.^[10]^[11]

Foraging techniques

African harrier-hawks have been identified to employ four different hunting strategies namely: low soaring, high soaring, perch hunting and, canopy and ground foraging.^[9] Low soaring is the most commonly used method.The harrier-hawk flies close to the canopy and is often mobbed by small passerine birds. The African harrier-hawk uses the level of aggression shown to help locate nest sites of these passerines and has been observed to turn around when the mobbing by a passerine becomes less aggressive. The harrier-hawk will begin looking for nest sites in the trees once it has found the area where the passerines show the most aggression towards the African harrier-hawk.^[9] To catch reptiles in the open African harrier-hawks use high soaring, flying at a maximum of 100m.^[9] They descend quickly to a height just above that of the vegetation to where the prey was located.^[9] Perch hunting is often used to hunt invertebrates such as orthoptera and other insects.^[9] Canopy and ground foraging is where the harrier-hawk either walks on the ground or moves between branches in the canopy looking for prey, looking into crevices and holes in both trees and on the ground.^[9]

Gallery

Immature bird in flight, Zambia
Immature bird lifting tree bark, South Africa
Adult taking flight, Zimbabwe
Adult investigating a tree cavity, Kenya
Adult soaring alongside a martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus), Zimbabwe
African harrier hawk (Polyboroides typus) in Botanical Gardens, Entebbe, Uganda
showing tail feathers, South Africa

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Polyboroides typus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695409A93508060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695409A93508060.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Brown, L (1972). "The Breeding Behaviour of the African Harrier Hawk Polyboroides typus". Ostrich. 43 (3): 169–175. doi:10.1080/00306525.1972.9632596.
^ Keys, G. J.; Johnson, R. E.; Virani, M. Z.; Ogada, D. L. (2012). "Results of a pilot survey of raptors in Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve, Central African Republic". GABAR. 24: 64–82.
^ Rodrigues, P; Mirinha, M; Palma, L (2020). "Diurnal raptors of West Africa woodland-farmland mosaics: Data from walking-transects in eastern Guinea-Bissau". Avian Biology Research. 13 (1–2): 18–23. doi:10.1177/1758155920901424.
^ McPherson, S. C.; Sumasgutner, P; Downs, C. T. (2021). "South African raptors in urban landscapes: a review". Ostrich. 92 (1): 41–57. Bibcode:2021Ostri..92...41M. doi:10.2989/00306525.2021.1900942.
^ Benson, C; White (1957). Check list of the birds of Northern Rhodesia. Government Printer.
^ Smithers, R. H. N.; Stuart Irwin, M. P; Paterson, M. L (1957). "A check List of The Birds of Southern Rhodesia with Data on Ecology and Breeding". The Auk. 74 (1): 513. doi:10.2307/4081763. JSTOR 4081763.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Thurow, T. L.; Black, H. L. (1981). "Ecology and Behaviour of the Gymnogene". Ostrich. 52 (1): 25–35. Bibcode:1981Ostri..52...25T. doi:10.1080/00306525.1981.9633580.
^ Little, Rob. "Lighting Strike: African Harrier-Hawks in Cape Town" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "Polyboroides typus (African harrier-hawk, Gymnogene)". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.