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Hatf-II Abdali
Hatf-II Abdali
	The Hatf-II Abdali (left) in Karachi, ca. 2008.
Type	SRBM
Place of origin	Pakistan
Service history
In service	2005–Present
Used by	Pakistan Army; Army Strategic Forces Command;
Production history
Designer	SUPARCO; (Rocket stage); DESTO; (Warhead design/assembly)
Designed	1993–97
Manufacturer	SUPARCO
Specifications (Technical data)
Mass	1,750 kg (3,860 lb)
Length	9.75 m (384 in)
Diameter	0.56 m (22 in)
Maximum firing range	180 km (110 mi) with 500 kg (1,100 lb) payload
Warhead	Single conventional HE/ICM
Warhead weight	500 kg (1,100 lb)
Transmission	Automatic
Suspension	MAZ-7310 8WD; (With Pakistani military markings)
Propellant	Solid-propellent
Guidance; system	Inertial, Terminal
Accuracy	100 m (330 ft)—150 m (490 ft) CEP.
Launch; platform	Transporter erector launcher (TEL)

The Abdali (Urdu: ابدالى; Military designation: Hatf–II; Trans.: Target-2) is a land-based tactical ballistic missile currently in military service with the strategic command of the Pakistan Army.

Designed and developed by the Space Research Commission (SUPARCO), the program is codename after Durrani (from Abdali tribe) with its Pakistani military deployment designated as Hatf-II.^[3]

Originally, the design was conceived in 1993 but was cancelled due to acquisition of M-11 missiles from China in 1994.^[2] Despite cancellation, the work on the program continued and was made feasible for funding in 1995 when the new design was approved for deployment.^[2]

Design and specification

The Abdali missile system is derived from the Hatf-I, with its accuracy deemed sufficient for targeting military installations such as enemy bases or airfields.^[4] Originally conceptualized in 1993, the Abdali program was envisioned as a two-stage iteration of the Hatf-I. Essentially, a solid-propellant stage was affixed to the base of the Hatf-I.^[2] However, this design was initially rejected by the Defense Ministry during Benazir Bhutto's administration, which opted to acquire Chinese M-11 missiles in 1994. Despite the cancellation, the design work persisted and evolved, eventually receiving approval in 1995.^[2]

The Abdali missile boasts a range of 150 kilometers to 190 kilometers, with an accuracy of 100 meters to 150 meters Circular Error Probable (CEP).^[2] It is equipped with either inertial guidance or traditional terminal guidance systems. While the Abdali is not capable of carrying nuclear explosives, it can accommodate single High Explosive (HE) or Improved Conventional Munitions (ICM) warheads.^[2]

The Abdali missile system can be outfitted with a variable payload weighing up to 500 kilograms, with a launch weight of 1,750 kilograms. Powered by a single-stage solid propellant engine, it features dimensions of 9.75 meters in length and 0.56 meters in width.^[2] For transportation, the Abdali is mounted on Pakistan's reverse-engineered Soviet eight-wheel drive MAZ-7310 truck, prominently displaying Pakistani military markings.^[5]

Operational history

In 1993, the Pakistani government initiated discussions regarding the acquisition of M-11 missiles from China for rapid deployment.^[6]^[7] However, while Pakistan succeeded in procuring the M-11 missiles, attempts to reverse-engineer the Chinese system to extend its range and add nuclear capability were unsuccessful. This failure stemmed from the fact that the M-11 was never designed for such purposes.^[2]^[8]

Eventually, under the administration of Benazir Bhutto, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) agreed to allocate funds for the Abdali program, with SUPARCO assuming the role of designer and the Defence Science and Technology Organization (DESTO) tasked with warhead design and assembly.^[9]^[10] With the Prime Minister's support, a new design was conceptualized in 1997, and development of the program proceeded clandestinely until 2001.^[11]

On May 28, 2002, the Abdali-I was successfully test-fired for the first time from the Sonmiani Flight Test Range, reaching its designated range of 110 miles (180 kilometers). The Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) noted the test trial as "successful," and testing was temporarily concluded.^[11] Subsequent tests were conducted in 2005 and 2006.^[12]^[13] Currently, the Abdali-I is operational with the ASFC.^[14]

Concurrently, the Abdali-I underwent another test from a Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) system and successfully reached its designated range of 110 miles (180 kilometers).^[15] Its final test was conducted on February 13, 2013.^[16]

The Pakistani military designates the deployment and color marking for this system as Hatf-II. However, the codename for this system, in remembrance of Afghan King Ahmed Abdali, whose dynasty founded the Great Afghanistan and was noted for frequent conflicts with India, is Abdali-I.^[3]

References

^ "Hatf-2-Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems". fas. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Abdali (Hatf 2)". Missile Threat.
^ ^a ^b "Kabul objects to Pakistani missile names". Dawn, 2006. AP. 23 February 2006.
^ "Abdali (Hatf 2)". Missile Threat. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
^ "Army: Pakistan conducts training launch of cruise missile". chinadailyhk. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
^ Rosecrance, Richard, ed. (2001). The new great power coalition : toward a world concert of nations. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742510093.
^ Hwang, Mel Gurtov; Byong-Moo (1997). China's security : the new roles of the military. Boulder [u.a.]: Rienner. ISBN 1555874347.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Rajain, Arpit (2005). Nuclear deterrence in Southern Asia China, India, and Pakistan. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. ISBN 8132103254.
^ Khan, PA, Brigadier Feroz (2012). Eating Grass: the making of Pakistan bomb. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 9780804776011.
^ Khan, Zafar (2014). Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317676003. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b Knight, Will (28 May 2002). "Third Pakistani test missile fired". New Scientist, 2002. New Scientist.
^ "Pakistan Tests Hatf Again". www.spacewar.com.
^ "Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems".
^ "Pakistan Missile Update - 2003". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
^ "Pakistan successfully test fires Ballistic Missile Hataf-2 Abdali". The Nation. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
^ "Pakistan test fires Hatf II Abdali missile". The Nation. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2014.

[FAS-1] "Hatf-2-Pakistan Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems". fas. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018.

[CSIS,_Hatf_2-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Abdali (Hatf 2)". Missile Threat.

[Dawn_News-3] "Kabul objects to Pakistani missile names". Dawn, 2006. AP. 23 February 2006.

[Missile_Threat-4] "Abdali (Hatf 2)". Missile Threat. Retrieved 30 September 2023.

[5] "Army: Pakistan conducts training launch of cruise missile". chinadailyhk. Retrieved 30 September 2023.

[Rowman_&_Littlefield-6] Rosecrance, Richard, ed. (2001). The new great power coalition : toward a world concert of nations. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742510093.

[Rienner-7] Hwang, Mel Gurtov; Byong-Moo (1997). China's security : the new roles of the military. Boulder [u.a.]: Rienner. ISBN 1555874347.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[SAGE_Publications-8] Rajain, Arpit (2005). Nuclear deterrence in Southern Asia China, India, and Pakistan. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. ISBN 8132103254.

[Stanford_University_Press-9] Khan, PA, Brigadier Feroz (2012). Eating Grass: the making of Pakistan bomb. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 9780804776011.

[Routledge-10] Khan, Zafar (2014). Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317676003. Retrieved 25 December 2014.

[New_Scientist,_2002-11] Knight, Will (28 May 2002). "Third Pakistani test missile fired". New Scientist, 2002. New Scientist.

[12] "Pakistan Tests Hatf Again". www.spacewar.com.

[13] "Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems".

[14] "Pakistan Missile Update - 2003". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.

[The_Nation,_2011-15] "Pakistan successfully test fires Ballistic Missile Hataf-2 Abdali". The Nation. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2014.

[The_Nation,_2013-16] "Pakistan test fires Hatf II Abdali missile". The Nation. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2014.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Abdali-I

Design and specification

Operational history

References

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