ARD[a] is a joint organisation of Germany's regional public-service broadcasters. It was founded in 1950 in West Germany to represent the common interests of the new, decentralised, post-war broadcasting services – in particular the introduction of a joint television network.
The ARD has a budget of €6.9 billion, 22,612 employees and is the largest public broadcaster network in the world.[2][3][4] The budget comes primarily from a mandatory licence fee which every household, company and public institution, regardless of television ownership, is required by law to pay. For an ordinary household the fee is €18.36 per month, as of 2023. Households living on welfare are exempt from the fee. The fees are not collected directly by the ARD, but by the Beitragsservice (formerly known as Gebühreneinzugszentrale GEZ), a common organisation by the ARD member broadcasters, the second public TV broadcaster ZDF, and Deutschlandradio.
ARD maintains and operates a national television network, called Das Erste ("The First") to differentiate it from ZDF, a.k.a. "das Zweite" ("The Second"), which started in 1963, as a separate public TV broadcaster. The ARD network began broadcasting on 31 October 1954 under the name of Deutsches Fernsehen ("German Television"), becoming Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen ("First German Television") with a corporate redesign in 1984; it adopted its current short name (Das Erste) in 1994. ARD's programmes are aired over its own terrestrial broadcast network, as well as via cable, satellite and IPTV.
ARD also produces two free-to-air channels (one and Tagesschau24) and participates in the production of Phoenix (current events, news and documentaries), KiKa (kids-oriented), 3sat (cultural-oriented), arte (Franco-German cultural programming), and Funk (teenage-oriented, online only).
ARD's programming is produced by its regional members (see also Institutions and member organizations) (Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), Hessischer Rundfunk (HR), Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), Radio Bremen, Rundfunk Berlin–Brandenburg (RBB), Saarländischer Rundfunk (SR), Südwestrundfunk (SWR) and Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR)), which operate 54 regional and local radio stations and seven regional TV networks, some of which have opt-outs at during the day.[clarification needed] Deutsche Welle, Germany's international broadcaster, is also a member of ARD.
‡public-law broadcasting institutions means broadcasters which are not privately owned (German: Privatradio and Privatfernsehen) and are not governmental radio or TV. ARD is not 'owned by' anybody, particularly not by "Germany" (meaning its government/federal state). ARD members like BR (Bayerischer Rundfunk) are not owned by their Land (state and its government, here Bavaria), either. With the Rundfunkfreiheit (freedom of broadcasting), they have an independent position (within a legal framework).
The winning Allies of World War II determined that German radio after World War II would not broadcast the same propaganda as the pre-war Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft ("Reich Broadcasting Company"). A federal structure, the renunciation of state influence and the avoidance of economic dependence were to be the key of the radio and TV institutions under public law (öffentlich-rechtliche Rundfunk- und Fernsehanstalten, public radio and television organisations). The legal form of the new entity was Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts ("Institution under Public Law"), a non-government and nonprofit organisation with its own administration under the control of two commissions, the Rundfunkrat (Broadcasting Council, responsible for the programmed content) and the Verwaltungsrat (Administration Council, responsible for management and infrastructure), in which different stakeholders from German public life were represented.
ARD's founding members were Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR), the station for the former British zone, Südwestfunk (SWF), the station in the French zone, and four stations located in the former American sector— Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR), Hessischer Rundfunk (HR), and Radio Bremen (RB). The new entity was financed by an obligatory fee that every German household with at least one radio receiver paid. Each station received the money collected in its state. Larger ARD members subsidised smaller ones up to a certain extent.
In 1947, American military governor Lucius D. Clay declared diversity of public opinion as the main aim of post-war media policy. Individuals aligned with the post-war Allied forces in their respective sectors of Germany had a local influence on local regional broadcasters. NDR cites the influence of Hugh Greene on the early years of their organisation.
After the creation of individual broadcasting agencies for most German federal states these principles were further consolidated by Länder broadcasting laws, decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht), and state treaties between the Länder. ARD members are thus (at least nominally) free of government influence and rely for only a small part of their income on advertising (1995: ten percent). They are financed mainly from licence fees from radio and TV owners, which are set through a complex political process. The mandated aim of the ARD corporations is not only to inform and to entertain but also to encourage the integration of various parts of society and allow minorities a say in programming.
In the 1950s the ARD radio services became the major factor of the mass media system in West Germany. As early as 1952 the ARD radio stations had ten million listeners. However, the radio stations operated on a regional level, and it was only the development of a television umbrella that helped the ARD to establish itself nationwide. The broadcasting of a countrywide TV broadcast service was the goal of the ARD from the outset and the go-ahead for this was given at the end of 1952. The same year ARD was admitted as a fully active member of the European Broadcasting Union and the "German sound archive", now German Broadcasting Archive (DRA, Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv), was established as a joint facility of the ARD.
In 1955 the founding member NWDR ("Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk", English: "North-West German Broadcasting") split into today's NDR and WDR. The year before (1954) the smaller SFB was split off. The first daily news feature, the Tagesschau, went on the air from Hamburg in 1952. The famous 8:00 pm chime and announcement "Hier ist das Erste Deutsche Fernsehen mit der Tagesschau" ("This is the first German television channel with the Tagesschau") remains an ARD hallmark today. The broadcast attracts an average of 8 million viewers.
After starting with a mere two-hour schedule per night, television became more widespread in Germany in the 1960s. Color broadcasts were introduced in 1967. Without competition from private broadcasters (other than the francophone Europe 1 and the multilingual RTL (Radio-Television Luxembourg) radio programs), the ARD stations made considerable progress in becoming modern and respected broadcasters. ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, Second German Television), a second public television broadcaster with a centralized national organization structure, began its programming in 1963, but ARD would encounter no private competition in Germany until 1984. The ARD stations have also been a significant force in German politics; such investigative news magazines as Monitor and Panorama still reach millions of viewers every week. The environmental movement increased in popularity during the 1980s largely as a result of the disclosures made by ARD.
When private/commercial German-language broadcasters were admitted in Germany by federal law in the mid-1980s, ARD television made subtle changes, adapting somewhat by producing programs oriented to a larger audience for their national networks and shifting many cultural and news programs to the regional networks and to newly created niche channels.
Informational television programs and the orientation of "Deutschlandfunk" (Germany's national public radio station, associated with, but not a member of the ARD) programs towards the GDR were of importance to the eventual collapse of the GDR.[citation needed] Established in 1974, the ARD bureau in East Berlin made ARD television the most important source of information for GDR citizens,[citation needed] eighty percent of whom could watch what they referred to as "Westfernsehen". Notwithstanding obstruction on the part of GDR authorities and the repeated expulsion of their correspondents, the ARD-Tagesschau and Deutschlandfunk transmitted a report about the Leipzig Monday Demonstrations (which started on 4 September 1989) as early as September 1989.
After the unification and the closure of the Deutscher Fernsehfunk, two new regional broadcasters were established in the East, becoming ARD members in 1992. These were originally the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR, English: "Central German Broadcasting"), and Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB, English: "East German Broadcasting Brandenburg"). The existing NDR service expanded into the north-east, where it also covered Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The ORB service has since merged with the former Sender Freies Berlin (SFB, English "Radio Free Berlin") to become Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB, English: "Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting") in 2003.
Another merger took place between two member organisations of the ARD in 1998. The former Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR, English: "Southern German Broadcasting") and Südwestfunk (SWF, English: "Southwestcast") became Südwestrundfunk (SWR, English: "Southwest Broadcasting") on 1 October 1998.
Today, ARD member stations usually produce their radio programming. Some ARD member stations usually collaborate for common radio services (an example is Nordwestradio, a culture-oriented radio station co-produced by Radio Bremen and NDR). Most ARD stations, however, will have at least a news-oriented radio station, a classical music station, a youth-oriented station, and a cultural station. At night some stations will relay common night programming produced on a rota system by the ARD stations themselves. There are four common night programming services: Hitnacht (light music), Nachtkonzert (classical music), Infonacht (all news), and Popnacht (pop music). Most services are on the FM broadcast band, though some services are also available on DAB.
A similar network intended for national coverage is called Deutschlandradio, however, Deutschlandradio is not an ARD member – instead, Deutschlandradio is controlled by both ARD and ZDF. Deutschlandradio provides two terrestrial radio services: Deutschlandfunk (DLF), a news-oriented service, and Deutschlandfunk Kultur, a culture-oriented service. It also provides a science-orientated internet channel: Deutschlandfunk Nova.
ARD's best-known radio station outside Germany is Deutsche Welle, which broadcasts its radio services around the world in many languages, mostly on analogue shortwave radio, online, and FM partner stations. Deutsche Welle has no FM distribution in Germany.
"Archivradio"[5] is an ARD internet radio station that streams raw audio from German sound archives, mainly the ARD radio archives and the DRA. The program is accompanied by a web portal run by the ARD-member SWR, with background information on the original sounds aired.
The main television channels of the ARD are the nationwide Das Erste and seven regional channels operated by the different regional broadcasting institutions. These channels were available on the analogue terrestrial transmitters until the shutdown of the analogue transmitters started in 2003. Das Erste and the third programmes, like the radio stations, are principally funded by licence fees, with a very limited amount of on-air advertising.
Das Erste broadcasts nationwide 24 hours a day. However, the schedule does include four and a half hours of joint programming with ZDF each weekday, in the form of the news programmes Morgenmagazin (on air 5.30–9.00) and Mittagsmagazin (13.00–14.00), which the two organizations take weekly turns to produce. Audience share (March 2008):12.5%, from 14 to 49 years 6.9%.
The regional members of ARD all, jointly (NDR/rb and SWR/SR) or separately, operate their own regional channels, known collectively as die Dritten ("the Third Programmes") – before recent rebranding, most of these stations had names like West 3 and Hessen 3. The schedules of these regional channels also include sub-regional opt-outs at certain times, in particular for local news.
ARD has three additional channels as part of their ARD Digital package:
ARD is also involved in several joint venture channels:
The international broadcaster Deutsche Welle also produces television services; however, these services are mostly available via satellite.
The Tagesschau, produced by the ARD on a nightly basis, is available on the ARD website as a podcast (available as audio-only or as audio and video). Other audio programs from the ARD's members (e.g., BR, MDR) and Deutsche Welle are available as podcasts, through their respective websites.
ARD has 30[6] correspondents' offices[7] in 26[8] countries.[9][10]
ARD operates several other companies and institutions, sometimes jointly with ZDF: Degeto Film, a television rights trader and production company; the German Broadcasting Archive (DRA – Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv); the Institute for Broadcasting Technology (IRT – Institut für Rundfunktechnik), responsible for research and development; the Fee Collection Service (Beitragsservice), and others.
ARD is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) initiative that is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface.
The radio studio in Strasbourg, which was closed in July 2010 and previously operated by SWR, was responsible for the European Parliament. Since then, reporting has been carried out from Brussels and Paris.
The ARD radio studio in Zurich was closed in August 2021. Since then, reporting has been carried out from Geneva.
The studio started as a one-man office in 1973, and in 1980 WDR expanded the office into a television studio.
The ARD radio studio in Buenos Aires was closed in 2022. Since then, reporting has been carried out from Rio de Janeiro.
The studio for Turkey and Iran (radio) is in Istanbul, see above. The ARD radio studio in Amman was closed in 2013. It only has a branch office in Cairo, from where reporting has been carried out ever since.
Since it was founded in 2013, the German party AfD has accused the German broadcasters of being state-driven propaganda machines. This claim is heavily disputed. For example, a 2019 study from Oxford (p. 24) stated that the majority of the audience of German public broadcasters ARD, ZDF and "Deutschland Radio" are left-winged or left of the center of the political spectrum. The AfD took this to show that the broadcaster is biased and contributing to a left-shift in the political environment. The majority of German newspapers have responded that the AfD have misunderstood the Oxford study, and accused the AfD of spreading fake news. Another point of evidence offered is that ARD board member and Director for Programming Christine Strobl is not only a member of the CDU party herself, but also the daughter of Wolfgang Schäuble, a prominent CDU member of parliament. As Director for Programming she is in a position to stop or initiate the production of programs, but also potentially editorial decisions.[citation needed]
After the ARD withdrew material critical of the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, a journalist from the magazine Der Spiegel compared this behaviour in an opinion article to the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[16] To get rid of the "annoying image of state radio", the journalist recommends it would certainly be helpful to keep more distance from the government.[17]
Claudia Schwartz from the Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported in February 2019 the ARD wanted to impress upon its audience certain moral views. A manual from the "Berkeley International Framing Institute" (see sources below) was used internally in order to make ARD viewers consider their fees less as a compulsory contribution than as a kind of donation to a good cause.[18]
But the website Netzpolitik.org (who published the original document), came to the conclusion that "Many of the proposed frames, which are currently heating the minds of many critics, have never been used in public by the public broadcasters representatives. This also shows that the excitement about the report is too high."[19]
Rotiboy Bakeshoppe Sdn BhdJenisPerseroan terbatas swastaIndustriToko rotiDidirikanApril 1998; 25 tahun lalu (1998-04) di Bukit Mertajam, MalaysiaPendiriHiro Tan[1]KantorpusatKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaProdukRoti, kue dan bunSitus webwww.rotiboy.com Rotiboy Bakeshoppe Sdn Bhd (berbisnis sebagai Rotiboy) adalah perusahaan roti asal Malaysia yang didirikan pada April 1998 di Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaysia.[2] Rotiboy didirikan oleh Hiro Tan, mantan dosen di bidang ekonomi yang kem…
Coto makassar dengan ketupat Coto makassar dengan ketupat daun nipah Coto makassar atau Pallu coto mangkasarak adalah hidangan tradisional Suku Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan.[1] Makanan ini terbuat dari jeroan sapi yang direbus dalam waktu yang lama. Rebusan jeroan bercampur daging sapi ini kemudian diiris-iris, lalu dibumbui dengan bumbu yang diracik secara khusus. Biasanya, Coto makassar dihidangkan dalam mangkuk dan dinikmati dengan ketupat dari daun kelapa dan burasa, yakni sejenis ketu…
Jessica Simpson discographySimpson performing at a concert in January 2009Studio albums7Compilation albums4Video albums3Music videos15Singles19 American singer Jessica Simpson has released seven studio albums, four compilation albums, three video albums, nineteen singles, and fifteen music videos. Her debut album, Sweet Kisses (1999), was released through Columbia Records, reached number 25 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, and was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Associat…
Maja Keuc Información personalNacimiento 16 de enero de 1992 (31 años) Maribor, EsloveniaMaribor (Eslovenia) Nacionalidad EslovenaInformación profesionalOcupación CantanteAños activa 2010 - presenteSeudónimo Amaya Géneros Pop, Soul, GospelInstrumento Voz Sitio web majakeuc.siFirma [editar datos en Wikidata] Maja Keuc (Maribor, Eslovenia, 16 de enero de 1992) es una cantante eslovena, representante de su país en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2011.[1][2]&#…
Russian actress Svetlana KhodchenkovaСветлана ХодченковаKhodchenkova at the 28th Kinotavr Open Russian Film Festival in 2017BornSvetlana Viktorovna Khodchenkova (1983-01-21) 21 January 1983 (age 40)Moscow, RSFSR, USSRNationalityRussianAlma materBoris Shchukin Theatre InstituteOccupationActressYears active2003–presentHeight180 cm (5 ft 11 in)Spouse Vladimir Yaglych (m. 2005; div. 2010) Svetlana V…
Mercedes-Benz Center München Mathäser Kino München Münchener Hypothekenbank eG Mariott Courtyard Hotel Berlin Peter Lanz (* 27. Mai 1930 in Berlin) ist ein deutscher Architekt. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Wichtige Bauten 3 Ehemalige Mitarbeiter 4 Literatur 5 Weblinks 6 Einzelnachweise Leben Peter Lanz, als Sohn eines Rechtsanwalts und Notars in Berlin-Charlottenburg geboren, studierte ab 1951 an der Staatsbauschule in München Architektur. 1954 schloss er dort als Jahrgangsbester ab. Er arb…
Музей мистецтв і ремесел фр. Musée des arts et métiers 48°51′58″ пн. ш. 2°21′19″ сх. д. / 48.86611111113877826° пн. ш. 2.3552777778055778° сх. д. / 48.86611111113877826; 2.3552777778055778Координати: 48°51′58″ пн. ш. 2°21′19″ сх. д. / 48.86611111113877826° пн. ш. 2.3552777778055778° сх. д.…
Slowakei Pavol Demitra Geburtsdatum 29. November 1974 Geburtsort Dubnica nad Váhom, Tschechoslowakei Todesdatum 7. September 2011 Sterbeort Tunoschna bei Jaroslawl, Russland Größe 183 cm Gewicht 91 kg Position Center Nummer #38 Schusshand Links Draft NHL Entry Draft 1993, 9. Runde, 227. PositionOttawa Senators Karrierestationen 1991–1992 ZTS Dubnica 1992–1993 HC Dukla Trenčín 1993–1996 Prince Edward Island Senators 1996 HC Dukla TrenčínLas Vegas Thunder 1996–1997 Grand …
Dance, Girl, DancePoster rilis teatrikalSutradaraDorothy ArznerJames Anderson (asisten)Produser Erich Pommer Ditulis olehVicki Baum (cerita)Frank DavisTess SlesingerPemeranMaureen O'HaraLouis HaywardLucille BallSinematograferRussell MettyPenyuntingRobert WiseDistributorRKO Radio PicturesTanggal rilis 30 Agustus 1940 (1940-08-30) Durasi90 menitNegara Amerika Serikat Bahasa Inggris Dance, Girl, Dance adalah sebuah film yang dirilis pada tahun 1940 dan digarap oleh Dorothy Arzner.[1]&#…
A Scout District is an administrative division within some Scouting and Guiding organisations. Districts are responsible for providing programme and support for local Scout and Guide groups, although the precise relationship and structure of a District does vary from country to country. United Kingdom The Scout Association The Scout Association currently has 895 Scout Districts across the United Kingdom.[1] Each District is responsible for providing programme and support for its member S…
Family of GPUs by Nvidia This GRID K1 GPU provides VDI for four seats using four independent GK107 GPUs with 4 GB of graphics memory each Nvidia GRID is a family of graphics processing units (GPUs) made by Nvidia, introduced in 2008, that is targeted specifically towards cloud gaming.[1] The Nvidia GRID includes both graphics processing and video encoding into a single device which is able to decrease the input to display latency of cloud based video game streaming.[2] Nvidia off…
Charles D. Lawrie, left, non-playing captain of the Great Britain team at the 1961 Walker Cup, with Jack Westland, right, America's non-playing captain. World Amateur Championship Match between New Zealand and Great Britain, played in Hong Kong in 1962. Various amateur match badges. 3,4,5 Moray Place The grave of Charles Dundas Lawrie, North Berwick Cemetery Charles Dundas Lawrie (8 February 1923 – 31 August 1976) was a Scottish amateur golfer,[1] administrator, and golf course archite…
German composer Emil Naumann Emil Naumann (8 September 1827 – 23 June 1888) was a German composer and church musician. Life Naumann's grave (front) at Trinitatisfriedhof in Dresden Born in Berlin, Naumann was the son of the physician Moritz Naumann (1798–1871) and grandson of the Kapellmeister Johann Gottlieb Naumann. His sister was the singer and composer Ida Naumann, née Becker (1832–1897). After studying music in Frankfurt, he was a pupil of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy at the Leipzig C…
British Army general LordEdward GleichenKCVO CB CMG DSOBirth nameAlbert Edward Wilfred von GleichenBorn15 January 1863Died14 December 1937BuriedForest Row, SussexAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service1881–RankMajor-GeneralUnitGrenadier GuardsCommands held15th Infantry Brigade37th DivisionBattles/wars Mahdist War Second Boer War Battle of Modder River First World War Spouse(s)Sylvia Gay Edwardes GlickCount Gleichen as caricatured by Spy (Leslie Ward)…
Leicester West dans le Leicestershire. La circonscription de Leicester West est une circonscription électorale anglaise située dans le Leicestershire, et représentée à la Chambre des Communes du Parlement britannique depuis 2010 par Elizabeth Kendall du Parti travailliste. Résultats électoraux Élections générales britanniques de 2019 — Leicester West[1] Élections générales britanniques de 2019 Nom Parti politique Voix % ±% Maj. Liz Kendall (sortant) Travailliste 17 291 49,72…
Central Cebu Protected LandscapeIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)The protected landscape area of Central Cebu with the Pit-os campus of Cebu International School in the foregroundLocation in the PhilippinesLocationCebu, PhilippinesNearest cityCebu CityCoordinates10°30′33″N 123°49′34″E / 10.50917°N 123.82611°E / 10.50917; 123.82611Area29,062 hectares (71,810 acres)EstablishedSeptember 15, 1937 (National park)August 12, 2003 (Protected landscap…
Domestic athletics championship event International athletics championship event2023 New Zealand Track & Field ChampionshipsDates2–5 MarchHost cityWellingtonVenueNewtown Park← 2022 2024 → The 2023 New Zealand Athletics Championships was the national championship in outdoor track and field for New Zealand. It was held from 2–5 March at Newtown Park in Wellington. The 10,000 metres was held separately on 19 November 2022 and The Combined Events Championship (incorporating the D…
American screenwriter For other people with a similar name, see James McBride (disambiguation). Jim McBrideJim McBride Adriano Aprà Salsomaggiore 1981Born (1941-09-16) September 16, 1941 (age 82)New York City, U.S.Occupation(s)Screenwriter, producer, television and film director Jim McBride (born September 16, 1941) is an American screenwriter, producer and director.[1][2] Legacy Richard Brody, writing for The New Yorker, named McBride as one of the twelve greatest living n…
Major thoroughfare in Los Angeles County, California, USA United States historic placeBroadway Theater andCommercial District (NRHP)Broadway Theater andEntertainment District(City of Los Angeles)U.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district Broadway looking north towards the historic Theater and Commercial District from Hoxton Hotel Roof (11th St.), September 2020Location300—849 S. BroadwayLos Angeles, CaliforniaCoordinates34°2′48″N 118°15′4″W / 34.0…
Вулиця КонопницькоїЛьвів Вигляд на вулицю Конопницької з вулиці ЗеленоїВигляд на вулицю Конопницької з вулиці ЗеленоїМісцевість ПогулянкаРайон Личаківський районНазва на честь Марії КонопницькоїКолишні назви Кохановського бічна, Ясна, Конопницької, Корняктґассе, Кон…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.236.100.210