Aš

Aš
Town
Town centre
Town centre
Flag of Aš
Flag
Coat of arms of Aš
Coat of arms
Aš is located in Czech Republic
Aš
Aš
Location in the Czech Republic
Coordinates: 50°13′26″N 12°11′42″E / 50.22389°N 12.19500°E / 50.22389; 12.19500
Country Czech Republic
RegionKarlovy Vary
DistrictCheb
First mentioned1270
Government
 • MayorVítězslav Kokoř
Area
 • Total
55.86 km2 (21.57 sq mi)
Elevation
666 m (2,185 ft)
Population
 (2024-01-01)[1]
 • Total
12,783
 • Density230/km2 (590/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
352 01
Websitewww.muas.cz

Aš (Czech pronunciation: [aʃ]; German: Asch) is a town in Cheb District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants.

Administrative parts

Aš Panhandle

The villages of Dolní Paseky, Doubrava, Horní Paseky, Kopaniny, Mokřiny, Nebesa, Nový Žďár and Vernéřov are administrative parts of Aš.

Etymology

The initial name of the settlement was probably Ascha. The name was derived from the High German words ask (i.e. 'ash') and aha ('water', 'stream'), referring to a stream flowing between ash trees. The Czech name was created by transcription of the German name.[2]

Geography

Aš is located about 19 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Cheb, on the border with Germany. With the neighbouring municipalities Hranice, Krásná, Podhradí and Hazlov, it lies in the westernmost area of the Czech Republic known as the Aš Panhandle. This area is a salient surrounded by German territory in the east, north and west. It lies in the historical Egerland region.

Aš is situated in the Fichtel Mountains. The highest point of Aš and of the whole Czech part of the Fichtel Mountains is Háj, at 758 m (2,487 ft). The upper course of the White Elster River shortly after its source flows across the central part of the municipal territory, outside the town proper. The upper course of the Plesná River partly forms the Czech-German border east of the town proper.

Climate

Climate data for Aš, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		28.3
(82.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.9
(94.8) 		30.2
(86.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		34.9
(94.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.8
(51.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		11.2
(52.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.3
(45.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.8
(58.6) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		7.2
(45.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.3
(37.9) 		7.3
(45.1) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.6
(47.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		4.0
(39.2)
Record low °C (°F) −24.5
(−12.1) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−23.3
(−9.9) 		−24.5
(−12.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57.9
(2.28) 		47.4
(1.87) 		53.3
(2.10) 		37.1
(1.46) 		64.0
(2.52) 		74.4
(2.93) 		88.5
(3.48) 		77.7
(3.06) 		64.5
(2.54) 		58.3
(2.30) 		56.7
(2.23) 		60.6
(2.39) 		740.5
(29.15)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 37.9
(14.9) 		35.1
(13.8) 		20.1
(7.9) 		2.9
(1.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.1
(0.4) 		15.2
(6.0) 		34.0
(13.4) 		146.3
(57.6)
Average relative humidity (%) 87.0 83.0 77.3 69.7 70.4 71.5 71.1 72.2 78.7 84.1 88.6 89.1 78.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 35.9 66.0 121.4 183.7 173.5 201.5 226.2 205.9 150.6 85.4 46.2 31.1 1,527.3
Source: Czech Hydrometeorological Institute[3][4][5][6][7][8]

History

11th–18th centuries

Previously uninhabited hills and swamps, the town of Aš was founded in the early 11th century by German colonists[9] descending from the Bavarian march of the Nordgau in the course of the Ostsiedlung. So far, previous Slavic settlements in the area are not known.[10]

The first recorded rulers were the Vogt ministeriales from Weida, Thuringia, who gave the entire Vogtland region its name. In 1281, they officially received the estates as an immediate fief at the hands of King Rudolph I of Germany. Emperor Louis IV elevated them to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1329. Nevertheless, two years later, they sold Aš land to King John of Bohemia, who since 1322 also held the adjacent Egerland in the south. Together with neighbouring Selb and Elster, Aš was enfeoffed to the Freiherren of Neuberg (Podhradí).[11] When in 1394 Konrad von Neuburg died without a male heir, by virtue of Hedwig von Neuburg's marriage to Konrad von Zedtwitz, Aš passed into the control of the noble House of Zedtwitz.

Church attendance in Aš, 19th century

In 1557, the Aš region was incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown by the Habsburg king Ferdinand I. Like the neighbouring Egerland, it remained Protestant until the Thirty Years' War, as the Counter Reformation did not stretch to the West Bohemian borderlands. In the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, the Protestant confession of the citizens was confirmed. In 1774, Empress Maria Theresa officially mediatised Aš as part of the Bohemian crown land within the Habsburg monarchy, against the delaying resistance by the Zedtwitz noble family. Nevertheless, she granted its Protestant citizens freedom of religion, confirmed in the 1781 Patent of Toleration, issued by her son Emperor Joseph II.

19th–20th centuries

From 1804, Aš with Bohemia belonged to the Austrian Empire, and after the Compromise of 1867 to Austria-Hungary. From 1868 until 1918, the town was head of the Asch district [de], one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.[12] Aš was linked to the Eger (Cheb)–Hof railway line in 1864, with a branch-off to Saxon Adorf opened in 1885. It obtained the status of a town in 1872, as the population grew due to a flourishing textile industry. By 1910 the population had risen to 21,880, from 9,405 in 1869.[9]

Upon the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy at the end of World War I, a soldiers' council seized power and rejected the demands of separatists from Cheb for annexation to the Bavarian lands of the German Weimar Republic, preferring to remain with the Republic of German-Austria, which was however soon denied by the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. During the negotiations of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye the Americans, like Allen Welsh Dulles, had failed to persuade other powers to make at least the Bohemian peninsulas within Germany, like Aš Land or Rumburk in the Šluknov Hook, legal parts of Weimar Germany. Thus the area became part of newly established state of Czechoslovakia, and received its current Czech name[13] On 18 November 1920, Czech militia toppled the monument of Emperor Joseph II against local protest, whereby three citizens were shot.[14] A 1921 Czechoslovak census counted 183 ethnic Czechs, in a population of 40,000 in the district,[13] a 1930 census 520 Czechs, in a population of 45,000 in the district.[13]

Wehrmacht soldiers parading in Aš, 1938

In 1937, the Sudeten German Party took over in Aš, led by Konrad Henlein, who for several years had worked in the town as a gym teacher. Henlein openly advocated the annexation of the Sudetenland territories to Nazi Germany, while Czech residents, mainly officials, were forced to leave the town. On 22 September 1938, a few days before the Munich Agreement, a Sudeten German Freikorps proclaimed a "Free State of Asch". Upon the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in October, according to the Agreement, Wehrmacht troops officially arrived, unopposed. By 1939 a German census counted a population of 23,123 in the town, with majority (12,502) of Protestants and significant minority (10,023) of Catholics. From 1938 to 1945, Aš was administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland.

At the end of World War II, the town was occupied by U.S. Army forces on 20 April 1945. Czech officials arrested 64 men on 7 June and took them to Bory Prison in Plzeň, where half of them perished[15] Due to the Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia in 1946 by the Beneš decrees, the town's population was reduced to "half of the pre-war number of inhabitants".[16] A German expellee website states that 30,327 Germans have been expelled from March to November in 27 trains.[17] In 1949, 3,000 expellees met in far away Rüdesheim am Rhein, to protest, stating that their area never was inhabited by Slavs other than as a tiny minority.[11]

The population shrank further in 1950 due to the establishment of the Iron Curtain and the Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War, as the whole Aš district was included into the border zone which made many people move out.[9] Because of the lowering number of inhabitants some houses remained uninhabited. There was lack of money for their renovation and it was necessary to demolish them.[9]

Demographics

The present-day population in the town is roughly half of the pre-war population.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
186913,888—    
188017,589+26.6%
189019,885+13.1%
190023,737+19.4%
191027,772+17.0%
YearPop.±%
192124,618−11.4%
193028,916+17.5%
195012,484−56.8%
196111,209−10.2%
197012,843+14.6%
YearPop.±%
198012,925+0.6%
199112,285−5.0%
200112,584+2.4%
201112,643+0.5%
202112,257−3.1%
Source: Censuses[18][19]

Transport

Main station

There are three road border crossings and one railway border crossing. Road border crossings lead to Bad Elster and Bad Brambach in Saxony in the east, as well as to Selb in Bavaria in the west. The railway border crossing leads to Selb.

Aš is located on the railway lines Hof–Marktredwitz via Cheb and Aš–Hranice. There are three train stations and stops: Aš (the main train station), Aš-město and Aš-předměstí.[20] The railway and the first station were built in 1865. In 1968, the old Royal Bavarian State Railways station building was demolished, and the current one was built in 1969.[21]

Education

There are five kindergartens, four primary schools, a gymnasium, a special school and a school of art located in Aš. A high school of textile also existed here.

Sights

Goetheho Square with the town hall
Aš Museum
Luther monument

The main square of the town is Goethovo Square named after J. W. Goethe, who often visited the town. In the middle of the square is the Memorial of J. W. Goethe from 1932, designed by Johannes Watzal. The landmark of the square is the town hall. It was built in 1733 in the Baroque style, but in 1814 was burned out. In 1816 it was built again, according to the original plans.[22]

The Aš Museum was founded in 1892 and is subtitled "Ethnography and Textile Museum of Aš". It is housed in a building on the site of a former manor house, today called Zámeček ("Little Castle"). The most important textile collection is the collection of 22,000 pairs of gloves. Under the administration of the museum also operates "The stone crosses research society" which maintaints the central register of these monuments. The museum also includes gardens open to the public. Into the corner pillar of the garden is built the Salva Guardia stone relief with imperial symbols.[23]

The town firehouse is a significant building from 1930 designed by Emil Rösler. In 2014, it was reconstructed. Today it houses part of the town museum. [22]

The Evangelical Church of the Good Shepherd is located on the site of a former church from 1480–1490. The original church was rebuilt in the Baroque style and only the tower was preserved.[22]

The Church of Saint Nicholas is a Roman Catholic church built in 1867–1871 that replaced a late Baroque church from 1780. It has a 48 metres (157 ft) high tower.[22]

The Memorial of Dr. Martin Luther was erected in 1883 and re-erected in 2008. It is the only Luther Monument in the country and in the whole of the former Austria-Hungary. It was located next to the evangelical church, which was one of the most important monuments of the region. The church burned down in 1960 and today is commemorated by perimeter wall and wooden cross.[22][24]

On Háj, there is an eponymous observation tower. It was designed by Wilhelm Kreis and built in 1902–1903. The tower is 35 metres (115 ft) high.[22]

Gustav Geipel Memorial from 1924 is dedicated to this factory owner and patron of Aš, who sponsored children, poor and old people. Gustav Geipel's villa from 1888 is an architectural monument.[22]

Trivia

Alongside with the municipality of Eš, Aš has the shortest place name in the Czech Republic.[25]

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic

Aš is twinned with:[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024". Czech Statistical Office. 2024-05-17.
  2. ^ Profous, Antonín (1947). Místní jména v Čechách I: A–H (in Czech). p. 19.
  3. ^ "Teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé kalendářní dny (Extremes)" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  4. ^ "Průměrná teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Temperatures)" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  5. ^ "Srážkové úhrny v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Precipitation)" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  6. ^ "Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Snowfall)" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  7. ^ "Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Humidity)" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  8. ^ "Délka slunečního svitu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Sunshine)" (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  9. ^ a b c d "Historie města" (in Czech). Město Aš. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  10. ^ "Besiedlungsgeschichte des Ascher Gebietes". asch-boehmen.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2007-11-06.
  11. ^ a b Rüdesheimer Erklärung Archived November 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967
  13. ^ a b c Cz. Republik Archived November 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Chronik Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Die Verfolgung Archived 2007-11-09 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Because of the removal of German inhabitants in 1946, Aš had only a half of the pre-war number of inhabitants" https://web.archive.org/web/20060715090423/http://www.muas.cz/html/e_historie.htm
  17. ^ Die Vertreibung Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21.
  19. ^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
  20. ^ "Detail stanice Aš" (in Czech). České dráhy. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  21. ^ "Železniční stanice Aš" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g "Monuments". Město Aš. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  23. ^ "The textile and ethnographic museum in Aš". Library and Museum of Aš. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  24. ^ "Pomník náboženského reformátora Martina Luthera v Aši" (in Czech). Czech Tourism. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  25. ^ "Zajímavosti názvů obcí v České republice" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  26. ^ "Partnerská města" (in Czech). Město Aš. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
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Written language

Representation of a language through writing This article cites its sources but does not provide page references. You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations. (July 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Specimen of typefaces used to write numerous languages – from the 1728 Cyclopædia by letter founder William Caslon A written language is the representation of a language by means of writing. This involves the use of visual symbols, known as graphem...

 

 

لوكهيد إيه سي-130

لوكهيد إيه سي-130 (Lockheed AC-130)الطراز إتش (AC-130H)معلومات عامةالنوع هجوم أرضىبلد الأصل  الولايات المتحدةالمهام دعم جوي قريب — حظر جوي سعر الوحدة إيه سي-130إيه: 132.4$ مليون إيه سي-130 يو : 190$ مليون (2001)التطوير والتصنيعالصانع لوكهيد مارتنالكمية المصنوعة 43طورت من سي-130 هيركوليزسيرة ال...

The Oxford Companion to Music

Not to be confused with Cambridge Companions to Music. The Oxford Companion to Music, tenth edition. The Oxford Companion to Music is a music reference book in the series of Oxford Companions produced by the Oxford University Press. It was originally conceived and written by Percy Scholes and published in 1938. Since then, it has undergone two distinct rewritings: one by Denis Arnold, in 1983, and the latest edition by Alison Latham in 2002. It is arguably the most successful book on music ev...

 

 

IEEE Professional Communication Society

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: IEEE Professional Communication Society – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The IEEE Professional Communication Society (IEEE ProComm) is a professional society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Its primary goa...