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3C 332

3C 332
The radio galaxy 3C 332.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationCorona Borealis
Right ascension16h 17m 42.53s[1]
Declination+32° 22′ 34.38″[1]
Redshift0.151019[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity45,274 km/s[1]
Distance2.063 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)17.45
Apparent magnitude (B)18.25
Characteristics
TypeRadio galaxy Sy1[1]
Size~258,700 ly (79.33 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Other designations
4C +32.51, B2 1615+32, 2MASX J16174254+3222344, LEDA 1993953, DA 409, PGC 57750, NRAO 0498, Cul 1615+325, CoNFIG 246, THING 588018054588137497[1]

3C 332 is a broad-line Fanaroff-Riley Type II radio galaxy[2][3] located in the constellation of Corona Borealis. It has a redshift of (z) 0.151[1] and was first discovered in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources survey in 1962.[4] This object has also been referred as a change-looking quasar (an active galactic nuclei (AGN) showing extreme variability that results in a transition from type 1 to type 2 AGN).[5][6]

Description

3C 332 is described as an elliptical galaxy according to imaging made by Hubble Space Telescope (HST).[7] Its appearance is relaxed with no signs of a dust lane.[8] It has a companion located southwest.[9]

As a Fanaroff-Riley Type II class radio galaxy with low luminosity, 3C 332 exhibits polarization reaching values between 4% and 16%.[7][10] There is also evidence of diffused radio emission surrounding its bright central nucleus found unresolved but aligned by 70°.[11][12] There are two radio lobes on each side of the galaxy.[12] A jet is seen heading in a southerly direction.[13]

The magnetic field structure of 3C 332 appears to be following a brightness contour line. The line is mainly dominated along its southern radio lobe, transversing in the direction of the northern radio lobe located near its central component. Surrounding the galaxy's hotspots there are high surface brightness regions with an emission ridge connecting both the central component and southern hotspot.[14]

In December 1990, a line profile was discovered in 3C 332. Based on results, it might arise from its accretion disk, described as small with an unstable inner region, which subsequently forms a hot torus. This in turn photoionizes the galaxy's outer disk region.[15] A broad hydrogen-alpha (Hα) line was also found according to spectroscopic observations, with displaced peaks of between -7250 ± 200 and 9800 ± 200 kilometers per second.[16]

The supermassive black hole mass of 3C 332 is estimated to be 8.08 Mʘ.[17] However a study in 2011 reestimated the black hole mass to be 8.64 ± 0.01 Mʘ with an Eddington limit of 5.3 ± 0.1 x 1046 erg s-1. The bolometric luminosity of 3C 332 is 2.5 x 1045 erg s-1.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NED search results for 3C 332". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-05-31.
  2. ^ Rudy, R. J.; Schmidt, G. D.; Stockman, H. S.; Moore, R. L. (August 1983). "Optical polarimetry of broad-line radio galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 271: 59–64. Bibcode:1983ApJ...271...59R. doi:10.1086/161176. ISSN 0004-637X.
  3. ^ Gezari, S.; Halpern, J. P.; Eracleous, M. (April 2007). "Long-Term Profile Variability of Double-peaked Emission Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 169 (2): 167–212. arXiv:astro-ph/0702594. Bibcode:2007ApJS..169..167G. doi:10.1086/511032. ISSN 0067-0049.
  4. ^ Bennett, A. S. (1962). "The revised 3C catalogue of radio sources". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 163. Bibcode:1962MmRAS..68..163B.
  5. ^ a b Wada, Kazuma; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Nagoshi, Shumpei; Saito, Tomoki (2021-06-01). "Discovery of new changing-look quasar 3C 332 and constraints for a double-peaked emission line scenario". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 73 (3): 596–608. doi:10.1093/pasj/psab025. ISSN 0004-6264.
  6. ^ Potts, B.; Villforth, C. (2021-06-01). "A systematic search for changing-look quasars in SDSS-II using difference spectra". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 650: A33. arXiv:2104.14225. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140597. ISSN 0004-6361.
  7. ^ a b Floyd, David J. E.; Axon, David; Baum, Stefi; Capetti, Alessandro; Chiaberge, Marco; Macchetto, Duccio; Madrid, Juan; Miley, George; O'Dea, Christopher P.; Perlman, Eric; Quillen, Alice; Sparks, William; Tremblay, Grant (July 2008). "Hubble Space Telescope Near-infrared Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. II. An Atlas and Inventory of the Host Galaxies, Mergers, and Companions". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 177 (1): 148–173. arXiv:0712.0595. Bibcode:2008ApJS..177..148F. doi:10.1086/587622. ISSN 0067-0049.
  8. ^ van Bemmel, I.; Barthel, P. (November 2001). "Broad-line radio galaxies: Old and feeble?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 379: L21 – L24. arXiv:astro-ph/0109510. Bibcode:2001A&A...379L..21V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011348. ISSN 0004-6361.
  9. ^ Capetti, A.; de Ruiter, H. R.; Fanti, R.; Morganti, R.; Parma, P.; Ulrich, M.-H. (October 2000). "The HST snapshot survey of the B2 sample of low luminosity radio-galaxies: a picture gallery". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 362: 871–885. arXiv:astro-ph/0009056. Bibcode:2000A&A...362..871C. ISSN 0004-6361.
  10. ^ Capetti, A.; Morganti, R.; Parma, P.; Fanti, R. (June 1993). "Polarization in low luminosity radio galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 99: 407–435. ISSN 0365-0138.
  11. ^ Massaro, F.; Harris, D. E.; Tremblay, G. R.; Axon, D.; Baum, S. A.; Capetti, A.; Chiaberge, M.; Gilli, R.; Giovannini, G.; Grandi, P.; Macchetto, F. D.; O’Dea, C. P.; Risaliti, G.; Sparks, W. (2010-04-13). "CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF 3C RADIO SOURCES WITH z< 0.3: NUCLEI, DIFFUSE EMISSION, JETS, AND HOTSPOTS". The Astrophysical Journal. 714 (1): 589–604. arXiv:1003.2438. Bibcode:2010ApJ...714..589M. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/714/1/589. ISSN 0004-637X.
  12. ^ a b Corbett, Elizabeth A.; Robinson, Andrew; Axon, David J.; Young, Stuart (2000-12-11). "Spectropolarimetry of broad Hα lines in radio galaxies: constraints on the geometry of the broad-line and scattering regions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 319 (3): 685–699. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.319..685C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03658.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  13. ^ Morganti, R.; Parma, P.; Capetti, A.; Fanti, R.; de Ruiter, H. R. (October 1997). "Asymmetric depolarization in double low-luminosity radio galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 326: 919–923. Bibcode:1997A&A...326..919M. ISSN 0004-6361.
  14. ^ Miller, L. (1985-08-01). "The morphologies and magnetic field structures of six 3CR double radio galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 215 (4): 773–797. doi:10.1093/mnras/215.4.773. ISSN 0035-8711.
  15. ^ Halpern, J. P. (December 1990). "Line Emission from Another Relativistic Accretion Disk: 3C 332". The Astrophysical Journal. 365: L51. Bibcode:1990ApJ...365L..51H. doi:10.1086/185886. ISSN 0004-637X.
  16. ^ Corbett, Elizabeth A.; Robinson, Andrew; Axon, David J.; Young, Stuart (December 2000). "Spectropolarimetry of broad Hα lines in radio galaxies: constraints on the geometry of the broad-line and scattering regions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 319 (3): 685–699. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.319..685C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03658.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  17. ^ Kim, Minjin; Ho, Luis C.; Peng, Chien Y.; Barth, Aaron J.; Im, Myungshin (October 2017). "Stellar Photometric Structures of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei*". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 232 (2): 21. arXiv:1710.02194. Bibcode:2017ApJS..232...21K. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa8a75. ISSN 0067-0049.
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