Parliamentary elections were held in Zimbabwe in June and July 1985. The result was a victory for the ruling ZANU–PF party led by Robert Mugabe, which increased its majority in parliament.
Electoral system
The House of Assembly consisted of 100 seats, 20 of which were reserved for white voters, and the remaining 80 were elected on a 'common roll' consisting of all adult citizens except those on the white roll. Since Zimbabwean independence in 1980, an electoral roll for the common roll seats had been compiled. Single-member constituencies were drawn up for the common roll seats instead of election by lists in regions used in the 1980 elections. The common roll seats were elected on 1–2 July.
The white roll seats had been drawn up in 1978 but the large exodus of white Zimbabweans (especially from rural areas) had led to a wide disparity in electorate sizes. The Delimitation Commission therefore redrew the map and renamed many of the seats to match changes in place names. Another change to the system was that preferential voting was reinstituted for the white roll seats, so that a candidate had to win more than half of the votes (after transfers) to be elected. The white roll seats were elected on 27 June.
Campaign
Common roll
The previous election had shown that ZANU (PF) had monopolised popular support among the Shona areas, and the chances of it losing the election were minimal. However, ZANU (PF) needed to affirm its support and demonstrate that it retained the confidence of the people that it was making genuine progress. Popular support for PF-ZAPU, outside the Ndebele areas, was minimal, and the United African National Council of Abel Muzorewa had lost support to ZANU (PF) following the effective transition into government of Robert Mugabe.
White roll
The white MPs in the previous Assembly, who had all started off as members of the Rhodesian Front (later renamed the Republican Front), had split over their reaction to the ZANU (PF) government with more than half resigning their membership in March 1982 to become Independents who partially supported ZANU (PF). Eventually, in April 1985, the Independent Zimbabwe Group was formed in preparation for the election. Generally, whites in Harare and Bulawayo had little complaint about the conduct of government, having seen minimal change in their lifestyles.
There was therefore a genuine contest in the Zimbabwean white community between the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe (the renamed Rhodesian Front), advocating strong defence of white interests, and the Independent Zimbabwe Group, advocating conciliation and partnership with ZANU (PF).
Conduct
There was violence and Ndebele–Shona ethnic animosities during the elections.[1]
In the delayed poll in Kariba constituency, two candidates were nominated: Kenneth Madzvanya Mano (PF-ZAPU) and Enos Mzombi Nkala (ZANU (PF)). Nkala subsequently withdrew, although a poll was required (it took place on 5–7 July) and Mano was declared elected.
Charles Duke (CAZ, Highlands) joined ZANU (PF) in June 1986.
Ian Smith (CAZ, Bulawayo Central) was suspended from the Assembly for one year on 2 April 1987 over statements he had made in South Africa which were critical of the Mugabe government.
Three members elected from the white roll constituencies joined ZANU (PF) on 28 July 1987. They were John Landau (IZG, Avondale), Jock Kay (IZG, Makoni), and Tony Read (Ind, Borrowdale).
In September 1987, having achieved the support of 75% of the House of Assembly as required under the Lancaster House Agreement, the constitution was amended to abolish the white roll constituencies. Twenty further members (including many of the former white MPs who were supportive of ZANU (PF)) were co-opted onto the House of Assembly to replace them.
Coccidae Coccidae adalah keluarga dari serangga bersel satu, memiliki sayap perisai, termasuk dalam keluarga Sporozoa.[1] Keluarga (Famili) Coccidae ini tergolong ke dalam superfamili Coccoidea Handlirsch, selain famili Asterolecaniidae dan famili Diaspididae.[2] Kata coccidae berasal dari kokkos yang artinya biji.[2] Disebut demikian karena bentuk kutu ini juga menyerupai biji.[2] Sebagian besar binatang ini merupakan kutu yang amat kecil yang banyak terdapat ...
العلاقات السورية الكولومبية سوريا كولومبيا سوريا كولومبيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات السورية الكولومبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين سوريا وكولومبيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارن...
Washington Heights dilihat dari menara barat Jembatan George Washington, jembatan kendaraan bermotor tersibuk di dunia.[1] Little Red Lighthouse terdapat di dasar menara timur. Washington Heights adalah sebuah permukiman di New York City yang terletak di tepi utara borough Manhattan. Permukiman ini dinamai menurut nama Fort Washington, sebuah benteng yang dibangun di titik tertinggi pulau Manhattan oleh Pasukan Kontinental pada Perang Revolusi Amerika Serikat untuk mempertahankan daer...
2012 American 3D horror comedy film by John Gulager Piranha 3DDTheatrical release posterDirected byJohn GulagerWritten by Patrick Melton Marcus Dunstan Joel Soisson Based onCharactersby Peter GoldfingerJosh StolbergProduced by Mark Canton Marc Toberoff Joel Soisson Starring Danielle Panabaker Matt Bush David Koechner Chris Zylka Katrina Bowden Gary Busey Christopher Lloyd David Hasselhoff CinematographyAlexandre LehmannEdited by Devin C. Lussier Martin Bernfeld Kirk Morri Music byElia CmiralP...
British actress, singer and author (born 1935) DameJulie AndrewsDBEAndrews in 2013BornJulia Elizabeth Wells (1935-10-01) 1 October 1935 (age 88)Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, EnglandOccupationsActresssingerauthorYears active1945–presentWorksFull listSpouses Tony Walton (m. 1959; div. 1968) Blake Edwards (m. 1969; died 2010)Children3, including Emma Walton HamiltonAwardsFull list Dame...
Culture d'AfanasievoGéographiePartie de Chalcolithique, Bronze ancienFonctionnementStatut Culture archéologiquemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Culture d'Afanasievo, au nord du Tarim, au IIIe millénaire avant l'ère chrétienne. L'ancêtre possible des Tokhariens du Tarim. Origine de la culture d'Afanasievo, déterminée par les études génétiques récentes, dans le cadre des migrations indo-européennes. La culture d'Afanasievo (ou d'Afanasevo, d'Afanasyevo) est une cultu...
American helicopter manufacturer (1940–1956) Not to be confused with Piasecki Aircraft. Piasecki Helicopter CorporationIndustryAerospaceFounded1940 (1940)FoundersFrank PiaseckiDefunct1960Fateacquired by BoeingSuccessorBoeing VertolHeadquartersPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania Piasecki Helicopter Corporation designed and manufactured helicopters in Philadelphia and nearby Morton, Pennsylvania, in the late 1940s and the 1950s.[1] Its founder, Frank Piasecki, was ousted in 1956 and start...
الأمير سعود بن عبد الله بن جلوي آل سعود الأمير سعود عبد الله بن جلوي آل سعود معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1319 هـالرياض, السعودية الوفاة 1386 هـ (67 سنة)الدمام. السعودية الجنسية السعودية عائلة آل سعود الحياة العملية المهنة أمير المنطقة الشرقية سابقاً تعديل مصدري - تعديل ...
Filippo Turati Deputato del Regno d'ItaliaDurata mandato10 giugno 1895 –14 novembre 1925 LegislaturaXIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII GruppoparlamentareSocialista Sito istituzionale Dati generaliPartito politicoPSI (1892-1922)PSU[1] (1922-1930)PSI (massimalista) (1930-1932) Titolo di studioLaurea in giurisprudenza UniversitàUniversità di Bologna ProfessioneAvvocato, giornalista «Le libertà sono tutte solidali. Non se ne offende una se...
Korban-korban utama pada Pembantaian Kucheng Pembantaian Kucheng (Hanzi: 古田教案; Pinyin: Gǔtián Jiào'àn; Foochow yang diromanisasikan: Kŭ-chèng Gáu-áng) adalah sebuah pembantaian orang Kristen Barat yang dilakukan di Gutian, Fujian, China pada 1 Agustus 1895. Pada hari itu, sekelompok Buddhis, Zhaijiao menyerang para misionaris Britania yang berlibur musim panas di Gutian Huashan, membunuh sebelas orang dan menghancurkan dua rumah. Pembantaian Kucheng dianggap sebagai salah ...
Bảng dưới đây đưa ra sự so sánh tương đương cấp bậc sĩ quan của các cường quốc khối Đồng minh và phe Trục trong Thế chiến thứ hai. Tuy vậy, không phải tất cả các quốc gia tham chiến đều được hiển thị trong bảng. Đối với các cấp bậc hiện đại, xin tham khảo thêm Đối chiếu cấp bậc quân sự. Bảng so sánh Nhật Bản Cấp tướng Cấp tá Cấp úy Ứng viên - Học viên sĩ quan Lục qu�...
Scientist specializing in the field of physics For the album, see Physicist (album). Not to be confused with Physician. Albert Einstein, a key theoretical physicist in the 20th century who developed the theory of relativity and parts of early quantum theory Part of a series onPhysics Index Outline Glossary History (timeline) Branches Acoustics Astrophysics Atomic physics Biophysics Classical physics Electromagnetism Geophysics Mechanics Modern physics Nuclear physics Optics Thermodynamics Res...
Dolores RousseStill from Charlie Chan's Secret (1936)Born(1901-08-17)August 17, 1901San Jose, California, United StatesDiedDecember 16, 1985(1985-12-16) (aged 84)Santa Clara, California, United StatesOther namesGloria RoyOccupationActressYears active1923-1940 Dolores Rousse (August 17, 1901 – December 16, 1985)[1] was an American film actress who performed under the name Gloria Roy later in her career. Career In May 1922, it was reported that Rousse would appear in Zi...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (يناير 2022) جيسي نيلسون معلومات شخصية الميلاد 14 يونيو 1991 (33 سنة)[1] رومفورد مو�...
In mathematics, an elliptic surface is a surface that has an elliptic fibration, in other words a proper morphism with connected fibers to an algebraic curve such that almost all fibers are smooth curves of genus 1. (Over an algebraically closed field such as the complex numbers, these fibers are elliptic curves, perhaps without a chosen origin.) This is equivalent to the generic fiber being a smooth curve of genus one. This follows from proper base change. The surface and the base curve are ...
Tribal Arab confederation in pre-islamic Syria For the rulers of the Emirate Nekor, see Salihid dynasty. Salihidsسليح4th century–6th century ADStatusTribal confederation, Foederati of the Byzantine EmpireReligion ChristianityGovernmentMonarchyHistory • Established 4th century• Disestablished 6th century AD Preceded by Succeeded by Tanukhids Ghassanids Today part of Syria Jordan Saudi Arabia Historical Arab states and dynasties Ancient Arab states Kingdom of Qedar 800 ...
Acquarica del Capoex comune Acquarica del Capo – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Puglia Provincia Lecce AmministrazioneSindacoFrancesco Ferraro (lista civica Cittadini Protagonisti) dal 7-6-2009 Data di soppressione14-5-2019 TerritorioCoordinate39°54′46″N 18°14′46″E39°54′46″N, 18°14′46″E (Acquarica del Capo) Altitudine110 m s.l.m. Superficie18,7 km² Abitanti5 005[1] (30-11-2018) Densità267,65 ab./km�...
العلاقات البرتغالية الجامايكية البرتغال جامايكا البرتغال جامايكا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البرتغالية الجامايكية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البرتغال وجامايكا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتي�...
.jpg)
