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Papal conclave
1830–31
Papal conclave; 1830–31;
Dates and location
	14 December 1830 – 2 February 1831; Quirinal Palace, Papal States
Key officials
Dean	Bartolomeo Pacca
Sub-dean	Pietro Francesco Galleffi
Camerlengo	Pietro Francesco Galleffi
Protopriest	Luigi Ruffo-Scilla
Protodeacon	Giuseppe Albani
Election
Vetoed	Giacomo Giustiniani
Ballots	83
Elected pope
	Bartolomeo Cappellari; Name taken: Gregory XVI
	← 1829 1846 →

The papal conclave lasting from 14 December 1830 to 2 February 1831 resulted in the election of Cardinal Bartolomeo Cappellari, who took the name Gregory XVI, to succeed Pius VIII as pope.

Context

Pope Pius VIII died on Thursday, November 30, 1830, at the age of sixty-nine. On December 11, the Governor of Rome, Msgr. Benedetto Cappelletti, informed the cardinals that there was a conspiracy in Rome involving the Bonaparte nephews of Cardinal Joseph Fesch. One in custody had been released to the Russian minister, since his mother was the Russian-born Catharina of Württemberg. Fesch refused to ask his nephews to leave Rome.^[1] A paper bomb exploded under the windows of the conclave.^[2] The conclave opened in an atmosphere of high tension.

Description

When the conclave convened on December 14, some 45 of the 54 living cardinals participated; eight of whom were not Italian.^[2] Bartolomeo Pacca presided as Dean of the Sacred College.

Initially the chief candidates included Emmanuele De Gregorio and Bartolomeo Pacca, who had been papabili in the 1829 conclave, plus Giacomo Giustiniani, who was a long-serving papal diplomat but who was vetoed by King Ferdinand VII. Giustiniani had served as nuncio at Madrid and provoked the hostility of the Prime Minister in ecclesiastical matters,^[3] and Queen Christina regarding the succession.^[2]

From the first day of the scrutiny, which was the 15th, up to the 27th, the votes were fairly evenly divided between De Gregorio and Pacca. However, it became clear eventually that neither of the unvetoed papabili could gain the support of two-thirds of the cardinals, and with Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich wanting a very strong Pope to hold firm against the flood of revolution haunting Europe at the time of the conclave, Giuseppe Albani, who led the Austrian faction and supported Pacca,^[1] intervened. He proposed Vincenzo Macchi, former nuncio in Paris, as his candidate, but few of the other cardinals saw Macchi as suitable for the papacy. Cardinal Joachim-Jean-Xavier d'Isoard was instructed by King Louis-Philippe of France to place a veto against the election of Macchi if necessary.^[4] Cardinal Tommaso Bernetti, who vied with Albani for the position of Secretary of State, threw his support to De Gregorio.

Cappellari appeared as an alternative to both De Gregorio and Macchi only when the conclave was well-advanced, but even though Albani worked against him, Cappellari eventually took the lead and won the election.

No conclave since has lasted as long as a week, but at the time no conclave since 1667 had lasted fewer than three weeks. The conclave took eighty-three ballots to deliver a two-thirds majority to a candidate, whereas no conclave since has taken more than fourteen.

Cappellari, then a Camaldolese priest and prefect of the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, was also the last Pope not a bishop when elected.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Adams, John Paul. "Sede Vacante 1830-1831", California State University Northridge
^ ^a ^b ^c Silvagni, David. "The Election of Gregory XVI", Rome, Its Princes, Priests and People, vol. 3, (Fanny McLaughlin, tr.), E. Stock, 1887 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Murphy, John Nicholas. The Chair of Peter, Burns and Oates, 1886, p. 616 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Conclave of December 14, 1830 to February 2, 1831", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University". Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ "Some of the History of Conclaves", Zenit, March 11, 2013

**PAPAL CONCLAVE, 1830-1831**
Duration	50 days
Number of ballots	83
Electors	45
Veto used	by Ferdinand VII of Spain against Giacomo Giustiniani
DECEASED POPE	PIUS VIII (1829–1830)
NEW POPE	GREGORY XVI (1831–1846)