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Astronomy

Publication of Erasmus Reinhold's ephemeris, the Tabulae prutenicae, helping to disseminate Copernican methods of astronomical calculation.

Bolognese naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi begins to collect plants for a herbarium.
William Turner publishes the first part of A New Herball, wherin are conteyned the names of herbes... in London.

By July – Fifth and last outbreak of sweating sickness in England. Dr. John Caius writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.^[1]
Conrad Gessner is the first to describe adipose tissue.^[2]

Pierre Belon publishes Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons.
Conrad Gessner begins publication of his encyclopedic illustrated Historiae animalium in Zurich.

Martín Cortés de Albacar publishes Breve compendio de la esfera y del arte de navegar in Spain, an influential work in cosmography, proposing spherical charts and mentioning magnetic deviation and the existence of magnetic poles.^[3]

April 6 – Joachim Vadian, Swiss physician and polymath (born 1484)
May 6 − Johannes Baptista Montanus Italian physician and humanist (born 1498)
August 8 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga, Spanish Bishop of Panama and discoverer of the Galápagos Islands (born 1487)

^ Published in Latin in the Louvain Opera aliquot and in English as A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse (London, 1552). Nutton, Vivian (2004). "Caius, John (1510–1573)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4351. Retrieved 2012-05-30. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ Cannon, Barbara; Nedergaard, Jan (2008-08-21). "Developmental biology: Neither fat nor flesh". Nature. 454 (7207): 947–8. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..947C. doi:10.1038/454947a. PMID 18719573.
^ Barrera-Osorio, Antonio (2006). Experiencing nature: the Spanish American empire and the early scientific revolution. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70981-2.