July 4 – Battle of Cape Orlando: An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet near Sicily. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a lee shore, but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King Frederick II on board, pulls back after he collapses from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.[1]
July 31 – Pisa and Genoa agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in Corsica.[2]
Early evidence is uncovered of King Edward I (Longshanks) borrowing from the Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the Frescobaldi Firm in London.[3]
William Wallace accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to France on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of John Balliol.[4]
December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by Ghazan Khan cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria. They continue south, and successfully take Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of Cilician Armenia. King Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes Templar and Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.[7]
December 22–23 – Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of Homs. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.[8]
Asia
Spring – Mongol invasion of India: Duwa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate, sends his sons Qutlugh Khwaja and Duwa Temür with an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at Delhi itself. At the Jumna River, Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated Zafar Khan, and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols.[9]
February 25 – Sultan Alauddin Khalji orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to Gujarat. One part of the army under Nusrat Khan starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by Ulugh Khan, marches from Sindh and attacks Jaisalmer along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of khums (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.[10][11]
Battle of Kili: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey.[12]
The Kingdom of Singapura is founded by Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title Sri Tri Buana (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").[13]
^Rodgers, William Ledyard (1967). Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design, p. 141. Naval Institute Press.
^Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review. 8 (1): 1–17. doi:10.2307/1832571. JSTOR1832571.
^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 80. ISBN1-84176-510-4.
^"720 years on Southampton Old Bowling Green rolls on!". The Leader. Spain. October 23, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2022. "The Southampton Old Bowling Green was established during the reign of Richard I, and first used for a game of bowls in 1299," said Margaret, who has played at the Lower Canal Walk and Platform Road club.
^On The World's Oldest Bowling Green (Motion picture). British Pathé. July 18, 1927. Retrieved July 17, 2022. On the World's oldest bowling green (AD 1299). Sir John Russell installs "Sir" W. Day, 1927's winner over 350 year old competition for honour of knighthood of the Green.
^Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). A History of Armenia, pp. 204–205. Indo-European Publishing. ISBN978-1-60444-012-6.
^Demurger, Alain (2007). Jacques de Molay (in French), p. 142. Editions Payot & Rivages. ISBN978-2-228-90235-9.
^Kishori Saran Lal (1968). History of the Khaljis (1290–1320), p. 156. Allahabad: The Indian Press. OCLC685167335.
^Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, p. 195. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-54329-3.
^Kishori Saran Lal (1968). History of the Khaljis (1290–1320), p. 88. Allahabad: The Indian Press. OCLC685167335.
^Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, pp. 221–222. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-54329-3.
^Miksic John N. (2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800, p. 148. NUS Press. ISBN978-9971695743.
^Brown, Michael (2004). The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 192, 280. ISBN0748612378.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 152. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN0-304-35730-8.
