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1254 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1254; MCCLIV
Ab urbe condita	2007
Armenian calendar	703; ԹՎ ՉԳ
Assyrian calendar	6004
Balinese saka calendar	1175–1176
Bengali calendar	661
Berber calendar	2204
English Regnal year	38 Hen. 3 – 39 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1798
Burmese calendar	616
Byzantine calendar	6762–6763
Chinese calendar	癸丑年 (Water Ox); 3951 or 3744; — to —; 甲寅年 (Wood Tiger); 3952 or 3745
Coptic calendar	970–971
Discordian calendar	2420
Ethiopian calendar	1246–1247
Hebrew calendar	5014–5015
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1310–1311
- Shaka Samvat	1175–1176
- Kali Yuga	4354–4355
Holocene calendar	11254
Igbo calendar	254–255
Iranian calendar	632–633
Islamic calendar	651–652
Japanese calendar	Kenchō 6; (建長６年)
Javanese calendar	1163–1164
Julian calendar	1254; MCCLIV
Korean calendar	3587
Minguo calendar	658 before ROC; 民前658年
Nanakshahi calendar	−214
Thai solar calendar	1796–1797
Tibetan calendar	阴水牛年; (female Water-Ox); 1380 or 999 or 227; — to —; 阳木虎年; (male Wood-Tiger); 1381 or 1000 or 228

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century; 13th century ; 14th century;
Decades:	1230s; 1240s; 1250s ; 1260s; 1270s;
Years:	1251; 1252; 1253; 1254 ; 1255; 1256; 1257;

Theodore II (**Laskaris**) (r. 1254–1258)

Year 1254 (MCCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

Battle of Adrianople: Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II (Laskaris) defeat the invading Bulgarians near Adrianople. The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen (also mentioned Michael I Asen) is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses. Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest.^[1]

Europe

May 21 – King Conrad IV, son of the late Emperor Frederick II, dies of malaria at Lavello (southern Italy). With Conrad's death a interregnum begins, during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany. The 22-year-old Manfred, half-brother of Conrad, refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV, and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad's 2-year-old son Conradin (the Younger).
November 2 – German forces under Manfred start an anti-papal revolt against Innocent IV and seize Lucera in the Tavoliere Plains. He defeats the papal army at Foggia and gains the loyalty of Apulia, on December 2.^[2]
King Afonso III (the Boulonnais) holds the first session of the Cortes (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class and representatives from all municipalities), in Leiria.
William II, anti-king of Germany, holds a diet (princely convention) at Worms, in which the German cities are represented for the first time. He give orders to build strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem.
Doge Reniero Zeno sends the Horses of Saint Mark, looted from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, to Venice, where they are installed on the terrace of the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.

England

King Henry III grants his eldest son Edward (the Lord Edward) areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.^[3]
Summer – Edward (the Lord Edward) travels from Portsmouth with his mother, Queen Eleanor of Provence, and Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, to marry the 13-year-old Eleanor of Castile. She is the half-sister of King Alfonso X (the Wise). In August, they arrive in Burgos, capital of Castile, where the marriage is due to take place.
November 1 – Edward marries Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian monastery Las Huelgas at Burgos. Henry III has demanded the marriage, in exchange for ending the war with half-brother Alfonso X.

Levant

February 21 – King Louis IX (the Saint) signs a multi-year truce with An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, who is well aware of a Mongol threat and has no wish for war with the Crusader States.
April 24 – Louis IX and his family sails from Acre to France. His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire. In July, the royal party arrives at Hyères in Provence.^[4]

Asia

January 4 – William of Rubruck, Flemish missionary and explorer, is received courteously with an embassy at Karakorum. He is given an audience with Möngke Khan, who is loaded with gifts and letters from Louis IX.^[5]

By topic

Cities and Towns

June 12 – The Dutch city of Alkmaar obtains city rights from William II, anti-king of Germany.^[6]
The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter from Bishop Jacob Erlandsen.

Commerce

The Rhenish League, a confederation of trading cities, is established in the Rhineland, Western Germany. The league (or Städtebund) comprises 59 cities.

Literature

The Japanese classic text Kokon Chomonjū is completed during the Kamakura Period under the reign of the 11-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

Markets

As part of an offensive against usury in north-western Europe, Innocent IV relieves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors.^[7]

Religion

December 7 – Innocent IV dies after a pontificate of 11-year. He is succeeded by Alexander IV as the 181st pope of the Catholic Church.
The construction of the Cathedral of Saint Martin is initiated by Henry I van Vianden, bishop of Utrecht.
The Catholic dogma of purgatory is clarified and named by the Catholic Church (approximate date).

Births

March 27 – Hkun Law, Burmese ruler of Martaban (d. 1311)
May 4 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun and mystic (d. 1292)
May 13 – Marie of Brabant, queen of France (d. 1322)
June 24 – Floris V, count of Holland and Zeeland (d. 1296)
September 15 – Marco Polo, Venetian explorer (d. 1324)
Beatrice of Castile, marchioness of Montferrat (d. 1286)
Bengt Birgersson, Swedish duke and bishop (d. 1291)
Bonacossa Borri (or Bonaca), Italian noblewoman (d. 1321)
Charles II (the Lame), son of Charles I of Anjou (d. 1309)
Fujiwara no Tamekane, Japanese official and poet (d. 1332)
Gerhard II (the Blind), German nobleman and knight (d. 1312)
Nijō Morotada, Japanese nobleman and official (d. 1341)
Osman I, founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)
Ren Renfa (or Ziming), Chinese artist and politician (d. 1327)
Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman and knight (d. 1297)
Tetsugyū Enshin, Japanese monk and scholar (d. 1326)
Zhao Mengfu, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 1322)

Deaths

March 28 – William de Ferrers, English nobleman (b. 1193)
May 21 – Conrad IV, king of Germany en Sicily (b. 1228)^[8]
June 3 – Andrea Caccioli, Italian friar and priest (b. 1194)
June 8 – Robert of Nantes, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem
June 17 – Ingeborg Eriksdotter, Swedish princess (b. 1212)
August 6 – Hugh of Northwold, English abbot and bishop
September 25 – William III de Cantilupe, English nobleman
November 3
- John III (Doukas Vatatzes), Byzantine emperor
- Manuel II, Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople
November 11 – Gil Torres, Spanish archdeacon and cardinal
December 1 – Abel de Gullane (or Golynn), Scottish bishop
December 7 – Innocent IV, pope of the Catholic Church
Berthold of Pietengau, German prince-bishop of Passau
Faris al-Din Aktai, Egyptian nobleman and emir (prince)
Peter Chaceporc, English archdeacon and ambassador
Rudolf von Ems, German knight, poet and writer (b. 1200)
Silvester de Everdon, English bishop and Lord Chancellor
Bab Bachir, spouse of last Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim.

References

^ Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 BC to the Present, p. 5. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-24913-1.
^ Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 142. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I, pp. 11–14. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07209-9.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 235. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 248. ISBN 978-0-24129877-0.
^ Vis, G. N. M. (1994). Oud en Arm: Hervormde bejaardenzorg in Alkmaar, 1744-1994. Hilversum: Verloren. p. 16. ISBN 90-6550-502-4.
^ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
^ "Conrad IV | king of Germany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2020.

[1] Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 BC to the Present, p. 5. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-24913-1.

[2] Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 142. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[3] Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I, pp. 11–14. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07209-9.

[4] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 235. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.

[5] Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 248. ISBN 978-0-24129877-0.

[6] Vis, G. N. M. (1994). Oud en Arm: Hervormde bejaardenzorg in Alkmaar, 1744-1994. Hilversum: Verloren. p. 16. ISBN 90-6550-502-4.

[7] Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.

[8] "Conrad IV | king of Germany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2020.

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