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1234 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1234; MCCXXXIV
Ab urbe condita	1987
Armenian calendar	683; ԹՎ ՈՁԳ
Assyrian calendar	5984
Balinese saka calendar	1155–1156
Bengali calendar	641
Berber calendar	2184
English Regnal year	18 Hen. 3 – 19 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1778
Burmese calendar	596
Byzantine calendar	6742–6743
Chinese calendar	癸巳年 (Water Snake); 3931 or 3724; — to —; 甲午年 (Wood Horse); 3932 or 3725
Coptic calendar	950–951
Discordian calendar	2400
Ethiopian calendar	1226–1227
Hebrew calendar	4994–4995
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1290–1291
- Shaka Samvat	1155–1156
- Kali Yuga	4334–4335
Holocene calendar	11234
Igbo calendar	234–235
Iranian calendar	612–613
Islamic calendar	631–632
Japanese calendar	Tenpuku 2 / Bunryaku 1; (文暦元年)
Javanese calendar	1143–1144
Julian calendar	1234; MCCXXXIV
Korean calendar	3567
Minguo calendar	678 before ROC; 民前678年
Nanakshahi calendar	−234
Thai solar calendar	1776–1777
Tibetan calendar	阴水蛇年; (female Water-Snake); 1360 or 979 or 207; — to —; 阳木马年; (male Wood-Horse); 1361 or 980 or 208

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century; 13th century ; 14th century;
Decades:	1210s; 1220s; 1230s ; 1240s; 1250s;
Years:	1231; 1232; 1233; 1234 ; 1235; 1236; 1237;

Year 1234 (MCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (full calendar displayed in the link) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

King Canute II of Sweden ("the Tall") dies after a five-year reign. His rival, Eric XI ("the Lisp and Lame"), returns as ruler of Sweden (possibly after a civil war between the two of them). It is also possible that Canute dies of natural causes, and Eric peacefully then returns as king.
King Andrew II of Hungary proclaims his son, Coloman of Galicia, as ruler (or ban) of Bosnia, who passes it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Matej Ninoslav, despite Matej being the legitimate ruler.
Reconquista: King Sancho II of Portugal conquers the cities of Aljustrel and Mértola from the Moors.^[1]

Mongol Empire

February 9 – Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures the Jin capital at Caizhou, after the two-month Siege of Caizhou). Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates the throne to Wanyan Chenglin, a descendant of the Jin imperial clan. After the Mongol and Song forces have breached the city walls, Aizong tries to escape, but commits suicide to avoid being captured. This marks the end of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) ('Great Jin') in China.^[2]

Africa

The Manden region rises against the Kaniaga Kingdom. This is the beginning of a process that will lead to the rise of the Mali Empire.^[3]

By topic

Religion

November – Pope Gregory IX proclaims war on the city of Rome after a local revolt forces him into exile.^[4] He issues the papal bull Rachel suum videns, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land.^[5]
Lund Cathedral in Sweden is heavily damaged in a catastrophic fire. Large donations are made to the church, to rebuild the cathedral.

Births

February 27 – Abaqa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (d. 1282)
Christina of Norway, Infanta of Castile, princess (d. 1262)
Kaliman I, emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria (d. 1246)
Conrad of Ascoli, Italian friar and missionary (d. 1289)
Ippen (or Zuien), Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 1289)
Manuel of Castile, Spanish prince (infante) (d. 1283)
Margaret of Holland, Dutch noblewoman (d. 1276)
Ou Shizi, Chinese Confucian scholar (d. 1324)

Deaths

January 7 – Robert of Auvergne, bishop of Clermont
February 9
- Aizong of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 1198)
- Mo of Jin (or Hudun), Chinese emperor
April 7 – Sancho VII ("the Strong"), king of Navarre
April 16 – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman (b. 1191)
May 7 – Otto I, Duke of Merania, German nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
June 18 – Chūkyō, emperor (tennō) of Japan (b. 1218)
July 19 – Floris IV, Count of Holland, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. 1210)
July 29 – William Pinchon, French prelate and bishop
August 7 – Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford (b. 1155)
August 31 – Go-Horikawa, emperor of Japan (b. 1212)
September 6 – Milo of Nanteuil, bishop of Beauvais
September 26 – Eudes II, Lord of Ham, French nobleman
November 8 – Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, Arab historian (b. 1145)
Abu Muhammad Salih al-Majiri, Almohad Sufi leader (b. 1155)
Alan of Galloway, Scottish nobleman
Canute II ("the Tall"), king of Sweden (House of Folkung)
Dalfi d'Alvernha, Count of Clermont and Montferrand, French nobleman, troubador and patron of the arts (b. c. 1150)
Helen of Galloway, Scottish noblewoman and heiress
Hugh de Neville, English Chief Forester and sheriff
Ibn al-Farid, Arab poet, writer and philosopher (b. 1181)
Minamoto no Ienaga, Japanese waka poet (b. 1170)
Nasir ad-Din Mahmud II, Zengid ruler
Pacificus, Italian-born friar and poet
Renard II of Dampierre-en-Astenois (or Renaud), French nobleman and knight
Rhys Gryg (Rhys ap Rhys), Welsh prince of Deheubarth
Robert III, Count of Dreux ("Gasteblé"), French nobleman (b. 1185)
Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi, Persian Sufi scholar (b. 1145)
William of Andres, French abbot and historian
Zhang Yuansu, Chinese physician and writer

References

^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
^ Beck, Sanderson. "Liao, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties 907–1234". China 7 BC to 1279.
^ Conrad, David C. (2001). "Reconstructing oral tradition: Souleymane Kanté's approach to writing Mande history". Mande Studies. 3: 147–200. doi:10.2979/mnd.2001.a873349.
^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ Krötzl, Christian; Kuuliala, Jenni; Mustakallio, Katariina (March 9, 2016). Infirmity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN 9781317116950.