Visconti-Sforza-Trionfikarten

Das Cary-Yale-Deck erweiterte die aus dem Tarotblatt bekannten 22 Motive um die drei theologischen Tugenden, hier die Hoffnung

Als Visconti-Sforza-Trionfikarten bezeichnet man im weitesten Sinne ca. 300 erhaltene Spielkarten aus etwa 20 verschiedenen Kartenspielen, die im 15. Jahrhundert im Umkreis der Mailänder Herzogsfamilien Visconti und Sforza produziert und gespielt wurden. Sie bilden einen großen Teil der gesamten erhaltenen italienischen Spielkarten des 15. Jahrhunderts und sind als erste Beispiele für Tarock- bzw. Tarot-Karten anzusehen; der Name Taraux oder Tarocchi trat nach heutigem Erkenntnisstand im Jahre 1505 zuerst in Ferrara und in Avignon auf, der frühere Name war Trionfi, ludus triumphorum oder ähnlich.

Im engsten Sinne wird die Bezeichnung Visconti-Sforza-Deck auch speziell für das am vollständigsten erhaltene, das Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo-Deck verwendet.

Die Karten sind handgemalt sowie teilweise mit Blattgold überzogen und verziert und waren schon im Produktionsprozess sehr aufwendig (ein normales Spiel dieser Art entsprach dem Wochenlohn eines Edelmannes und in etwa dem 3-Monats-Lohn eines geringen Dieners).

Drei relativ vollständige Spiele gelten als die ältesten Tarotkarten überhaupt.

Man nimmt heute an, dass Bonifazio Bembo, Marziano von Tortona oder die Zavaratti-Brüder die Künstler des Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo-Tarocchi sind.

Ein noch älteres Spiel (erstellt zwischen 1418 und 1425) hat sich nur literarisch erhalten: Es wird in einem umfangreichen Manuskript von Martiano da Tortona ausführlich beschrieben (er verstarb 1425). Das Spiel wurde zunächst in einer literarischen Notiz berühmt, als Pier Candido Decembrio, ein Sekretär und Diplomat des Herzogs Filippo Maria Visconti (regierte 1412–1447), in der Vita seines just verstorbenen Herrn die Bemerkung hinterließ, es habe 1500 Dukaten gekostet (eine gigantische Summe). Es zeigte als Trumpfkarten jedoch keine bekannten Tarotmotive, sondern 16 griechische Gottheiten. Nach dem Maler Michelino da Besozzo, der als bester Künstler seiner Zeit galt, wird es jetzt Michelino Deck genannt.

Literatur

  • Gertrude Moakley: The Tarot Cards, painted by Bonifacio Bembo for the Visconti-Sforza Family. An iconographic and historical Study. Public Library, New York NY 1966.
  • Germano Mulazzani: I Tarocchi viscontei e Bonifacio Bembo. Il mazzo di Yale. Shell Italia, Mailand 1981.
  • Sandrina Bandera-Bistoletti: Bonifacio Bembo. Tarocchi viscontei della Pinacoteca di Brera. Martello libreria, Mailand 1991.
  • Giordano Berti, Tiberio Gonard: Das Visconti-Tarot. Königsfurt, Klein Königsförde-Krummwisch 1999, ISBN 3-933939-11-9.
Commons: Visconti-Sforza tarot deck – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

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