Dreiapsidenkirche

Dreiapsidiale Saalkirche St. Peter Mistail, Graubünden (8. Jh.)

Eine Dreiapsidenkirche ist eine Kirche mit drei Apsiden, in denen meist jeweils ein Altar stand. Während die Pfarrkirchen des Mittelalters meist nur eine Apsis hatten, waren drei Apsiden in der Regel größeren und bedeutenderen Kirchenbauten wie Kathedralen, Klosterkirchen, Prioratskirchen, Stifts- und Kollegiatkirchen etc. vorbehalten. Mehrere Bautypen sind zu unterscheiden:

St-André-de-Sorède

Normalfall

Beim Normalfall einer Dreiapsidenkirche enden die drei Kirchenschiffe in jeweils einer Apsis. Da die Seitenschiffe meist schmaler und niedriger sind als das Mittelschiff, findet sich die gleiche Konfiguration, die einem Triumphbogenschema ähnelt, auch in den Apsiden; gleiches gilt für einschiffige Kirchen mit Querhaus.

Dreiapsidensäle

Klosterkirche St. Johann in Müstair, Graubünden, ab 775 erbaut
Kirche St. Agatha, Disentis, Graubünden (12. Jh.)

Dieser Typus einräumiger Saalkirchen mit drei nebeneinanderliegenden Apsiden gehört der karolingischen Zeit an; hierzu gehören beispielsweise:

Taukreuzkirchen

Santa Lucía del Trampal, Extremadura (7. Jh.)

Taukreuzkirchen sind einschiffige Kirchen mit einem Querhaus (Transept), an welches nach Osten drei Apsiden angelagert sind; die mittlere Apsis ist in der Regel höher und/oder tiefenräumlicher als die beiden seitlichen. Hierzu gehören beispielsweise:

Dreikonchenkirchen

Saint-Sulpice, Marignac, Charente (12. Jh.)

Bei einer Dreikonchenkirche (Trikonchos) sind die drei meist gleichdimensionierten Apsiden des Chores kreuz- oder kleeblattförmig angeordnet. Hierzu gehören u. a.:

Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Karolingischer Kirchenbau: Kirche St. Peter Mistail.
  2. ↑ Karolingischer Kirchenbau: Kirchenruine Sogn Murezi.

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