Dopplertemperatur

Die Doppler-Temperatur (benannt nach dem Physiker Christian Doppler) ist die minimale Temperatur, die mit Dopplerkühlung eines atomaren Zwei-Niveau-Systems erreichbar ist.

Wird ein Photon von einem Atom absorbiert, das sich in die entgegengesetzte Richtung bewegt, so wird die Geschwindigkeit des Atoms aufgrund der Impulserhaltung verringert. Analog dazu erhält ein Atom bei der spontanen Emission eines Photons einen zusätzlichen Impuls. Da jedoch die spontane Emission isotrop ist, mittelt sich dieser Impuls statistisch zu null. Bei der Temperatur, bei der die Kühlung die durch die spontane Emission verursachte Aufheizung ausgleicht, ist keine weitere Kühlung möglich.

Die Dopplertemperatur ergibt sich zu

mit

Absorption und spontane Emission hängen durch den Doppler-Effekt kritisch von der Geschwindigkeit ab.

Die Dopplertemperatur ist nicht die niedrigste mit Laserkühlung erreichbare Temperatur. Mit Hilfe der Polarisationsgradienten-Kühlung lassen sich Temperaturen unterhalb der Dopplertemperatur erreichen, die bis zur theoretischen Grenze, der Rückstoßtemperatur, reichen.

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