Der Docht, auch Lichtgarn, ist ein fadenförmiges Geflecht, das in Kerzen und Lampen flüssigen Brennstoff der Verbrennungszone zuführt. Am Docht wird die Kerze oder Lampe entzündet und auch zum Erlöschen gebracht.
Der Docht besteht aus vielen miteinander verflochtenen Fasern, die feine Kanäle darstellen und durch Kapillarkräfte flüssigen Brennstoff (z. B. Öl, Petroleum, Brennspiritus, Wachs) entgegen der Schwerkraft der Flamme zuführen. Daher wird die Kapillarwirkung manchmal auch als Dochteffekt bezeichnet. Der Docht verbessert die Vergasung der Flüssigkeit. Dies erhöht lokal den Dampfdruck und verringert den Flammpunkt der Flüssigkeit, sodass ein zündbares Gemisch entsteht.
Im Allgemeinen ist ein Docht fadenförmig. Aber auch flächige Stoffe können eine Verbrennung ähnlich unterstützen wie ein Docht. Beispielsweise lässt sich Öl nicht mit einem Streichholz entzünden, während ein ölgetränkter Baumwoll-Lappen leicht Feuer fängt.
In der Regel bestehen Dochte aus Baumwolle oder einem Glasfasergeflecht, wobei sich letztere dadurch auszeichnen, dass sie selber nicht verbrennen. In der Eiszeit wurden Dochte für mit Tierfett gefüllte Lampen aus Tierdarm hergestellt.[1] In der Antike und im Mittelalter wurden auch andere Materialien verwendet, so z. B. Dochte aus Asbest.
Dochte von Talglichtern, die bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts die Mehrzahl der Kerzen darstellten, müssen beim Herunterbrennen regelmäßig gekürzt („geschneuzt“) werden, weil mit steigender Dochtlänge auch die Flamme immer größer wird, was zu starker Rußbildung und überschnellem Aufschmelzen des Brennmaterials führt. Eine Dochtschere fängt die herausgekröpfte Schnuppe bei diesem „Lichtputzen“ auf.
Heutige Dochte werden asymmetrisch geflochten, damit sie sich in der Flamme zur Seite krümmen. In den äußersten Flammenbereich dringt von außen Sauerstoff, sodass die Schnuppe verbrennt und nicht mehr abgeschnitten werden muss.
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