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literary work, epic poem
Paɣa bee doo	Doo
Yuli din nyɛ a balli	གེ་སར་ནོར་བུ་དགྲ་འདུལ་རྩལ་
Din be shɛli polona	Tibetan Empire, Mongolia
Lahibali kpani	Ge-sar
Nuu tuunbaŋsim balibu	Mongol epic poetry
Tingbani shɛli din yina	China
Described at URL	https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00204, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00204, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00204

Epic of King Gesar (Tɛmplet:Bo), bɛ sabiri li la Geser (balli lee Mongolian sabu ni) bee Kesar (/ˈkɛzər, ˈkɛs-/), nyɛla tuma zaŋ n-ti epic literature ban be Tibet mini Central Asia. "The epic" ŋɔ nyɛla din piligi kamani 200 BCE bee 300 BCE saha ka nyɛ din paai kamani 600 CE. Lala zuɣu, "folk balladeers" nyɛla ban mali tuma ŋɔ taarihi n-tiri bɛ bihi shɛba ban na yiɣisirina bɛ noli ni. Lala tuma ŋɔ nyɛla niriba pam ni baŋ shɛli 12th Century.

"The Epic" ŋɔ nyɛla din jɛndi tun'kara zaŋ n-ti culture hero Gesar,^[1] "legendary kingdom of Ling" Naa so ŋun daa bi zori dabiɛm (Tɛmplet:Bo). Di nyɛla bɛn niŋ shɛli yɛltɔɣitaɣimalisi mini salinwaɣinli din nyɛ nolini baŋsim kotomsi, ^[2] ka di nyɛ niriba ni mali shɛli yiinda yila Central Asia mini South Asia. Di nyɛla jilima taarihi din be central Tibet.^[3]

100 bards shɛba zaŋ n-ti epic ŋɔ (Tɛmplet:Bo, "tale")^[4] nyɛla din na mali yaa zuŋɔ be Gesar belt, China.^[5] Tibetan, Mongolian, Buryat, Balti, Ladakhi n-ti pahi Monguor yili yiindiba nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi di nolini baŋsim kotomsi ŋɔ. Yugur^[6] mini Salar,^[7] gba "epic" nyɛla din be Balti din be Baltistan, Burusho people ban be Hunza n-ti pahi Gilgit ^[6] ni Kalmyk mini Ladakhi niriba^[8]^[9] ban be Nepal n-ti pahi Altaics, Turkic, Tungus tribes.^[10] Di tuuli baŋsim sabirili nyɛla bɛn daa sabi shɛli Mongolian balli ni ka daa zaŋ li wuhi salo Beijing yuuni 1716.^[11]

Di nyɛla din bara ka nyɛ din mali jilima pam dunia ŋɔ.^[4] Di ka sabiri yini, Chinese ni sabi shɛli Tibetan versions nyɛla din mali "120 volumes," ,^[4] di pirigi la "chapters" pihita yinika.^[12] Western laasabu maaniba yɛliya ni buku nim din kalinli gari pihinu ka bɛ sabi saha ŋɔ China, India n-ti pahi Tibet.^[4]

Etymology zaŋ n-ti di gbuni

Lahabali nyɛla din wuhi ni Gesar yuli nyɛla din be Roman title Caesar, tum kaiser (emperor) ni kpɛ Turkic ka di nyɛla bɛ daa doli la Byzantine Empire di saha Caesar (Καῖσαρ) daa nyɛ "imperial title". Shɛba tɛhi la soli shɛli din doli kpɛna nyɛla Mongolian Kesar. Mongols daa nyɛla allied with the Byzantines, ban tiŋgbani na mali lala yuli maa.^[13]

"Numismatic evidence"^{[lower-alpha 1]} ni ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa zaŋ kpa Bactrian ruler Phrom-kesar,^[14] Kabul Shahi zaŋ n-ti Gandhara, Turkic king Fromo Kesaro ("Caesar of Rome") ni daa gbubi shɛli,^{[lower-alpha 2]} ŋun daa deemba zaŋ n-ti Kingdom of Khotan bin din gbaai 8th century CE sunsuun.^[15]^{[lower-alpha 3]} Lahabali din yina Bon wuhiya ni Kesar nyɛla yuli zaŋ n-ti Naa bee ŋun gbubi tiŋgbani.^[16] Tibetan lahabali zaŋ kpa "epic" ŋɔ wuhiya ni Naa so bɛn boli Phrom Ge-sar bee Khrom Ge-sar nyɛla Naa zaŋ n-ti yaɣa anahi, yuli ŋɔ nyɛla din daa piligi 10th century^[17] ka Phrom/Khrom mi daa kpalim Iranian (*frōm-hrōm) zaŋ n-ti Rūm/Rome. Lala eastern Iranian bachi ŋɔ nyɛla din dɔ Middle Chinese bachi (Eastern) Rome (拂菻, Fólín) nyaaŋa kamani Byzantium (phrōm-from<*phywət-lyəm>).^{[lower-alpha 4]}^[18]

A. H. Francke daa tɛhi la Tibetan yuli Gesar nyɛla din yina Sanskrit. S.K. Chatterji, din daa niŋ ka o piligi o tuma ka o daa baŋ ni "Ladakh variant of Kesar", Kyesar din be Classical Tibetan Skye-gsar gbunni nyɛ 'labi dɔɣi bee yoli dɔɣi', ka Gesar/Kesar din be Tibetan kamani din be Sanskrit wuhiri '"anther bee pistil of a flower" , Sanskrit kēsara gbunni kēsa' (hair) nyɛ Indo-European.^[19]

Gesar mini Kingdom of Ling

Tibet, din wuhiri Gesar taarihi nyɛla din mali bɔhisi. (Samuel 1993, p. 365) (Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 334) baŋdi shɛba ban be ni nyɛla ban ŋmɛ nangban kpeeni ni bɛ daa dɔɣi o la yuuni 1027, lahabali din yina 19th-century chronicle, the Mdo smad chos 'byung by Brag dgon pa dkon mchog bstan pa rab. ^[20] Ka "episode" shɛŋa nyɛ din wuhiri Tibetan taarihi: din daa niŋ ka bɛ tee king Songtsän Gampo's Chinese nabi'puɣiŋga Wencheng kpuɣibu yuuni 641.^[21] Baŋdiba nyɛla ban mali o pahiri Golok,^{[lower-alpha 5]} tiŋ din be Dotō mini Domé sunsuun,^{[lower-alpha 6]}bee Markham, Tanak, Öyuk bee tiŋ'kpaŋ zaŋ n-ti Panam din be Nyang River.^[22] Amaa "epic" nyɛla bɛn daa yiinda shɛli Tibetan-speaking regions, ni Kham mini Amdo,^[23] Tibetan balli puuni, gling gbunni nyɛla "island".^[24]

Notes

↑ Samuel 1993, pp. 68–9.
↑ Samuel 2005, p. 166.
↑ Chadwick & Chadwick 1940, pp. 48–9,215–6.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Maconi 2004, p. 372.
↑ Jiàngbiān Jiācuò 1998, p. 222.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Maconi 2004, p. 373.
↑ Dwyer 2007, pp. 75–76.
↑ Penick 2009, p. vii.
↑ Herrmann 1990, p. 485.
↑ Harvilahti 1996, p. 40.
↑ Harvilahti 1996, p. 43.
↑ Harvilahti 1996, p. 42.
↑ Kornman 2005, pp. 360,367.
↑ Samuel 2005, p. 177.
↑ Maconi 2004, p. 374.
↑ Martin 2011, p. 127.
↑ Samuel 2005, pp. 170,177.
↑ Needham 1988, p. 186 note g.
↑ Francke 2000, p. xxii.
↑ Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 328.
↑ Samuel 2005, p. 175.
↑ Shakabpa 2010, p. 193.
↑ Maconi 2004, p. 472.
↑ Rinbochay, Sö-nam-drak-ba & Rinbochay 1997, p. 39.

Citations

Sources

Beyer, Stephan V (1992). The classical Tibetan language. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1099-8.
Chadwick, Hector Munro; Chadwick, Nora Kershaw (1940). The Growth of Literature. 3 (Reprinted 1986 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-01615-5.
Chadwick, Nora Kershaw; Zhirmunsky, Viktor (1969). Oral Epics of Central Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14828-3.
Chayet, Anne (2003). "The Potala, Symbol of the Power of the Dalai Lamas". In Pommaret, Françoise (ed.). Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12866-8.
David-Néel, Alexandra; Yongden, Lama (2004) [First published 1933]. The Superhuman Life Of Gesar Of Ling. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8686-6.
Dorji, Gyalsten K. In remembrance of Nyikems' past: The Royal Textile Museum hosts a display entitled "In the Service of our Kings".
Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: a study in Inner Asian language contact processes. Part 1: Phonology. Turcologia 31,7. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
Francke, August Hermann (2000) [1905/1909]. A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga. Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1507-6.
Harmatta, J.; Litvinsky, B. A. (1999). "Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650-750)". In Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.). History of civilizations of Central Asia. 3. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 367–402. ISBN 978-81-208-1540-7.
Harvilahti, Lauri (1996). "Epos and National Identity: Transformations and Incarnations". Oral Tradition 11 (1): 37–49.
Helffer, Mireille (1977). Les chants dans l'épopée tibétaine de Ge-sar d'après le Livre de la Course de Cheval: Version chantée de Blo-bzaṅ bstan-'jin. Paris: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-03309-1.
Hermanns, Matthias (1965). Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar. Regensburg.: Josef Habbel Verlag.
Herrmann, Silke (1990). "The Life and History of the Epic King Gesar in Ladakh". In Honko, Lauri (ed.). Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 485–501. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4.
Hummel, Siegbert (1998). Eurasian Mythology in the Tibetan epic of Gesar. Guido Vogliotti (trans.). Dharamsala: The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. ISBN 978-81-86470-20-6.
rgyal-mtsho, 'Jam-dpal (1990). "The Singers of the King Gesar Epic". In Honko, Lauri (ed.). Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 471–484. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4.
Jiàngbiān Jiācuò, (降邊嘉措) (1998). "Gesar in contemporary Tibetan Culture". In Honko, Lauri; Handoo, Jawaharlal; Foley, John Miles (eds.). The Epic: Oral and Written. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. pp. 220–225. ISBN 81-7342-055-6.
Kornman, Robin (2005). "The Influence of the Epic of King Gesar on Chogyam Trungpa". In Midal, Fabrice (ed.). Recalling Chögyam Trungpa. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. pp. 347–379. ISBN 978-1-59030-207-1.
Lǐ Liánróng, (李連榮) (2001). "History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar". Oral Tradition 16 (2): 317–342.
Lopez, Donald S (2007) [First published 1997]. Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton, Massachusetts: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12972-3.
Maconi, Lara (2004). "Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chine (post-)maoïste". In Labarthe, Judith (ed.). Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches. Bruxelles: Peter Lang. pp. 371–419. ISBN 978-90-5201-196-7.
Martin, Dan (2011). "Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet". In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.). Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 117–144. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.

| first = Joseph
| year = 1988
| author-link = Joseph Needham
| orig-year = First published 1954
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| volume = 1
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F3ngtgAACAAJ
| isbn = 0-521-05799-X
}}

Papas, Alexandre (2011). "So Close to Samarkand, Lhasa: Sufi Hagiographies, Founder Lhasa and Sacred Space". In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.). Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 261–280. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.
Penick, Douglas J (1996). The warrior song of King Gesar. Boston, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-113-0.
Penick, Douglas J (2009). Crossings on a Bridge of Light: The Songs and Deeds of Gesar, King of Ling, as He Travels to Shambhala Through the Realms of Life and Death. Minneapolis: Mill City Press. ISBN 978-1-934937-99-0.
Penny, Benjamin (2013). Religion and Biography in China and Tibet. Routledge. pp. 185–187. ISBN 978-113611394-9.
Rinbochay, Lati; Sö-nam-drak-ba, Paṅ-chen; Rinbochay, Denma Lo-chö (1997) [First published 1983]. Zahler, Leah; Hopkins, Jeffrey (eds.). Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism. Somerville Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-119-X.^{[permanent dead link]}
Rinpoche, Sakyong Mipham (2005). "The Teaching of Shambhala". In Midal, Fabrice (ed.). Recalling Chögyam Trungpa. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. pp. 329–336. ISBN 978-1-59030-207-1.
Sacharovska, Alexandra; Soloichin, Vladimir (1986). Гэсэр: бурятский народный героический эпос (Geser: a Buryat Heldenepos.). Burjatskoe Knižnoe Izdatelʹstvo.
Samuel, Geoffrey (1993). Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-620-1.
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Sėcėnmunch, Ulʹdzijt (2004). Исследования письменного монгольского эпоса о Гэсэре [Researches on a written version of the Mongolian Epic of Gesar]. ISBN 978-5-94856-085-4.
Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2010) [First published 1976]. One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Translated by Derek F. Maher. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17788-8.
Stein, Rolf A (1956). L'épopée tibétaine dans sa version lamaïque de Ling. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Stein, Rolf A. (1959). Recherches sur l'épopée et le Barde au Tibet. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Vohra, Rohit (1996). "Early History of Ladakh: Mythic Lore % Fabulation: A preliminary note on the conjectural history of the 1st millennium A.D.". In Osmaston, Henry; Denwood, Philip (eds.). Recent research on Ladakh 4 & 5: proceedings of the fourth and fifth international colloquia on Ladakh. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 216–234. ISBN 978-81-208-1404-2.
Young, Serinity (2004). Courtesans and tantric consorts: sexualities in Buddhist narrative, iconography and ritual. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91483-3.

External links

Lua bi niŋ dede:bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal')

King Gessar
King Gessar preserved
King Gessar and Samzhug
English Translation of Geser Epic - Buryat version at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 Silimin gɔli June 2007)
Turkish Mythology Dictionary - Multilingual (English)
An 1835 German translation of the Mongolian version at the Internet Archive
The Mongolian version in Mongolian (Khalkha Cyrillic)
The Buryat version in Russian translation

A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya

[FOOTNOTESamuel199368–9-1] Samuel 1993, pp. 68–9.

[FOOTNOTESamuel2005166-2] Samuel 2005, p. 166.

[FOOTNOTEChadwickChadwick194048–9,215–6-3] Chadwick & Chadwick 1940, pp. 48–9,215–6.

[FOOTNOTEMaconi2004372-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Maconi 2004, p. 372.

[FOOTNOTEJiàngbiān_Jiācuò1998222-5] Jiàngbiān Jiācuò 1998, p. 222.

[FOOTNOTEMaconi2004373-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Maconi 2004, p. 373.

[FOOTNOTEDwyer200775–76-7] Dwyer 2007, pp. 75–76.

[FOOTNOTEPenick2009vii-8] Penick 2009, p. vii.

[FOOTNOTEHerrmann1990485-9] Herrmann 1990, p. 485.

[FOOTNOTEHarvilahti199640-10] Harvilahti 1996, p. 40.

[FOOTNOTEHarvilahti199643-11] Harvilahti 1996, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEHarvilahti199642-12] Harvilahti 1996, p. 42.

[FOOTNOTEKornman2005360,367-13] Kornman 2005, pp. 360,367.

[FOOTNOTESamuel2005177-15] Samuel 2005, p. 177.

[FOOTNOTEMaconi2004374-17] Maconi 2004, p. 374.

[FOOTNOTEMartin2011127-19] Martin 2011, p. 127.

[FOOTNOTESamuel2005170,177-20] Samuel 2005, pp. 170,177.

[FOOTNOTENeedham1988186_note_g-22] Needham 1988, p. 186 note g.

[FOOTNOTEFrancke2000xxii-23] Francke 2000, p. xxii.

[FOOTNOTELǐ_Liánróng2001328-24] Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 328.

[FOOTNOTESamuel2005175-25] Samuel 2005, p. 175.

[FOOTNOTEShakabpa2010193-28] Shakabpa 2010, p. 193.

[FOOTNOTEMaconi2004472-29] Maconi 2004, p. 472.

[FOOTNOTERinbochaySö-nam-drak-baRinbochay199739-30] Rinbochay, Sö-nam-drak-ba & Rinbochay 1997, p. 39.

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