Michael Hart

Michael Hart
Michael Hart (venstre) og Gregory Newby fra Project Gutenberg ved HOPE Conference, 2006
Personlig information
FødtMichael Stern Hart
8. marts 1947
Tacoma, Washington, USA
Død6. september 2011 (64 år)
Urbana, Illinois, USA
Kendt forProject Gutenberg
Eksterne henvisninger
http://pglaf.org/hart

Michael Stern Hart (8. marts 19476. september 2011[1]) var en amerikansk forfatter og opfinder, bedst kendt som en opfinder af e-bøger og grundlægger af Project Gutenberg, et projekt til at udgive e-bøger frit på Internettet[1][2][3] De fleste af de første bøger i Project Gutenberg blev indtastet af Hart selv.

Biografi

Michael Harts far var en bogholder og hans mor som tidligere havde arbejdet som en kryptoanalyst under 2. Verdenskrig, arbejdede senere i en detailbutik. I 1958 rejste familien til Urbana i Illinois hvor begge forældre blev universitetsprofessorer i hhv. Shakespeare (mor) og matematik (far). Hart blev optaget på University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign hvor han tog afgangseksamen på blot to år.[4] Han døde den 6. september 2011 i Illinois i en alder af 64.

Project Gutenberg

På universitetet blev Harts givet en brugerkonto på skolens mainframecomputer.[5] Om end fokus var mere i retning af databehandling, så var computerne forbundet i et net der senere skulle udvikle sig til internettet og Hart blev mere optaget af den side af systemet der havde med datadistribution at gøre. Han fortalte at hans konto blev oprettet den 4. juli 1971 (den amerikanske uafhængighedsdag) og han havde siddet og tænkt lidt på hvad han skulle stille op med den, da han kom i tanke om en kopi af Den amerikanske uafhængighedserklæring han havde fået stukket i hænderne i en butik tidligere samme dag. Han indtastede teksten og forsøgte at sende den til alle på netværket. Da det ikke blev vel modtaget, gemte han den på maskinen og lod andre download den individuelt.

Hvilke var starten på Project Gutenberg. Hart fortsatte med at indtaste bøger så som Biblen, og værker af Homer, Shakespeare og Mark Twain. I 1987 havde han indtastet 313 bøger, hvorefter andre kom til med egne bidrag, og projektet voksede meget hurtigere.

Noter

  1. ^ a b Michael S. Hart, Project Gutenberg.
  2. ^ Flood, Alison (8. september 2011). "Michael Hart, inventor of the ebook, dies aged 64". The Guardian. Hentet 8. september 2011.
  3. ^ Grimes, William (8. september 2011). "Michael Hart, a Pioneer of E-Books, Dies at 64". The New York Times. Hentet 8. september 2011.
  4. ^ "Open and Shut?: Interview with Michael Hart". Poynder. 9. marts 2006.
  5. ^ Hart, Michael S, The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg, Project Gutenberg.

Eksterne henvisninger

Read other articles:

Actinidiaceae Actinidia arguta Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Kelas: Magnoliopsida Ordo: Ericales Famili: ActinidiaceaeGilg & Werderm.[1] Genus Lihat teks Actinidiaceae atau Suku Kiwi-kiwian adalah sebuah famili kecil tumbuhan berbunga dalam ordo Ericales. Hanya terdapat tiga genus tumbuhan di dalam famili ini[2] Famili ini terdiri dari tumbuhan merambat, semak, dan pohon berkayu sedang dan subtropis asli Asia, Amerika Tengah dan Amerika Selata...

 

 

برايان مارسدن (بالإنجليزية: Brian Geoffrey Marsden)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 5 أغسطس 1937(1937-08-05)كامبريدج الوفاة 18 نوفمبر 2010 (73 سنة)بورلينغتون  سبب الوفاة ابيضاض الدم  مواطنة المملكة المتحدة  عضو في الأكاديمية النرويجية للعلوم والآداب  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة ييل ...

 

 

Defunct American department store This article is about a former group of department stores. For the parent company formed by the 1969 merger with Hudson's, see Target Corporation. Dayton'sLogo in 1974, featuring amaranth[1] mark used from 1968 to 1989IndustryDepartment storeFoundedJune 24, 1902; 121 years ago (1902-06-24)Minneapolis, MinnesotaFounderGeorge Draper DaytonDefunctJanuary 12, 2001; 23 years ago (January 12, 2001)FateLocations rebranded as Ma...

Public park in the Bronx, New York St. James ParkView from a nearby 4 trainTypeMunicipal parkLocationFordham, The Bronx, New YorkCoordinates40°51′54″N 73°53′52″W / 40.8651°N 73.8978°W / 40.8651; -73.8978Area11.39 acres (4.61 ha)OpenedSeptember 13, 1897; 126 years ago (1897-09-13)EtymologySt. James' Episcopal Church and Parish HouseOwned byNew York City Department of Parks and RecreationStatusopen all yearPublic transit access New...

 

 

Class of road in Great Britain's Zone 1 Roundabout on the A189 spine road between Woodhorn and Ellington near to Linton The numbering zones for A-roads in Great Britain List of A roads in zone 1 in Great Britain beginning north of the River Thames, east of the A1 (roads beginning with 1). Single- and double-digit roads Road From To Notes A1 A1211 at Museum of London, City of London A7 in Edinburgh Often called the Great North Road. London sections of road covered by separate A1 road (London) ...

 

 

Religious discipline of systematic defence of a position This article is about the systematic defence of a religious position. For the Christian parody band, see ApologetiX. Apologist redirects here. For non-religious uses of apologetic and apologist, see Apology (disambiguation). Part of a series onRhetoric History Ancient Greece Asianism Atticism Attic orators Calliope Sophists Ancient India Ancient Rome The age of Cicero Second Sophistic Middle Ages Byzantine rhetoric Trivium Renaissance S...

Chronologies Données clés 2017 2018 2019  2020  2021 2022 2023Décennies :1990 2000 2010  2020  2030 2040 2050Siècles :XIXe XXe  XXIe  XXIIe XXIIIeMillénaires :Ier IIe  IIIe  Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Angola, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, République centrafricaine, Comores, République du Congo, République démocratique du Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Égypte, �...

 

 

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (December 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the Engli...

 

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité catalane. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Cadaqués Héraldique Administration Pays Espagne Statut Commune Communauté autonome Catalogne Province Gérone Comarque Alt Empordà Maire Pia Serinyana Torrents Code postal 17488 Démographie Gentilé Cadaquesenc, cadaquesenca (en catalan)Cadaquense (en espagnol) Population 2 912 hab. (202...

Федеральное агентство по делам Содружества Независимых Государств, соотечественников, проживающих за рубежом, и по международному гуманитарному сотрудничествусокращённо: Россотрудничество Общая информация Страна  Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 6 сентября...

 

 

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料,部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队(军事) 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

 

 

Eccellenza 2012-2013 Competizione Eccellenza Sport Calcio Edizione 22ª Organizzatore Lega Nazionale Dilettanti Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 466 Formula 28 gironi all'italiana Cronologia della competizione 2011-2012 2013-2014 Manuale Il campionato italiano di calcio di Eccellenza 2012-2013 è il sesto livello del campionato italiano di calcio per la stagione 2012-2013 e il primo a livello regionale. È costituito da 28 gironi gestiti direttamente dai Comitati Regionali della Lega Nazional...

Athletics at the Olympics Men's 2590 metres steeplechaseat the Games of the III OlympiadGold medalist Jim LightbodyVenueFrancis FieldDatesAugust 29Competitors7 from 2 nationsMedalists Jim Lightbody  United States John Daly  Great Britain Arthur L. Newton  United States Athletics at the1904 Summer OlympicsTrack events60 mmen100 mmen200 mmen400 mmen800 mmen1500 mmen110 m hurdlesmen200 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmen2590 m steeplechasemen4 mile team racemenRoad eventsMarath...

 

 

American law to reorganize the Army National Defense ActLong titleAn Act To amend an Act entitled An Act formaking further and more effectual provision for the national defense, and for other purposes, approved June 3, 1916, and to establish military justiceEnacted bythe 66th United States CongressEffectiveJune 4, 1920CitationsPublic law66-242Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 12775 Rep. Julius Kahn, Sponsor of the National Defense Act of 1920 The National Defense A...

 

 

Hand-balancing posture in hatha yoga Mayurasana Mural depicting a Nath yogi in Mayurasana at the Mahamandir temple, Jodhpur, India, c. 1810 This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. Mayūrāsana (Sanskrit: मयूरासन) or Peacock pose[1] is a hand-balancing asana in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise with the body held horizontal over the hands....

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالنحو والتصريف في العربية الإعراب الكلمة الاسم الفعل الحرف العبارات الجملة الاسمية جملة اسمية مختصرة الفعلية الجملة الفعلية الواقعة مضافا إليه شبه الجملة النوع المُعرب المبني الوقوف المجرد المزيد أقسام الإعراب إعراب ظاهر (لفظي) إعراب تقديري إعراب ...

 

 

Doctrine that the Pope has supreme power over the whole Church Not to be confused with Papal primacy or Papal temporal power. This article is about the Catholic spiritual doctrine. For the doctrine of temporal authority in the Holy Roman Empire, see Universal power. Pius IX opening the First Vatican Council. It is during this council that papal supremacy was proclaimed a dogma. Papal primacy, supremacy and infallibility Overview Primacy of Peter & Papal primacy Papal supremacy Papal infal...

 

 

Type of artistic interaction This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Art intervention – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) ...

Satyalancana Dharma SamudraTipeSatyalancanaNegara IndonesiaDipersembahkan olehPresiden IndonesiaSyaratMiliterStatusMasih dianugerahkanDidirikan2009 Satyalancana Dharma Samudra adalah sebuah tanda kehormatan yang diberikan kepada prajurit Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut yang telah telah mendarmabaktikan diri kepada Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut secara paripurna dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut : Telah memiliki Tanda Kehormatan berupa Satyalancana Kesetiaan 24 (dua...

 

 

Iris Shagrir in 2021 Iris Shargir (Hebrew: איריס שגריר) is an Israeli historian, professor of the Open University of Israel, with the interests in Middle Ages, specifically, the history of Crusades and pilgrimage, relations between the three Abrahamic religions, as well as the history of personal names in the Middle Ages.[1] Since 2022 she is member of the Israeli Council for Higher Education. She was head of the Department of History, Philosophy and Jewish Studies.[1 ...